diff --git a/src/common/bit_array.rs b/src/common/bit_array.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42ac843
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/bit_array.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.util.Arrays;
+
+use std::{fmt, cmp};
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+static EMPTY_BITS: [u32; 0] = [0; 0];
+static LOAD_FACTOR: f32 = 0.75f32;
+
+/**
+ * <p>A simple, fast array of bits, represented compactly by an array of ints internally.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Hash)]
+pub struct BitArray {
+    bits: Vec<u32>,
+    size: usize,
+}
+
+impl BitArray {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bits: EMPTY_BITS.to_vec(),
+            size: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_size(size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bits: BitArray::makeArray(size),
+            size: size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // For testing only
+    pub fn with_initial_values(bits: Vec<u32>, size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bits: bits,
+            size: size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn getSize(&self) -> usize {
+        self.size
+    }
+
+    pub fn getSizeInBytes(&self) -> usize {
+        return (self.size + 7) / 8;
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_capacity(&mut self, newSize: usize) {
+        if newSize > self.bits.len() * 32 {
+            let mut newBits = BitArray::makeArray((newSize as f32 / LOAD_FACTOR).ceil() as usize);
+            //System.arraycopy(bits, 0, newBits, 0, bits.length);
+            newBits[0..self.bits.len()].clone_from_slice(&self.bits[0..self.bits.len()]);
+            self.bits = newBits;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param i bit to get
+     * @return true iff bit i is set
+     */
+    pub fn get(&self, i: usize) -> bool {
+        return (self.bits[i / 32] & (1 << (i & 0x1F))) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets bit i.
+     *
+     * @param i bit to set
+     */
+    pub fn set(&mut self, i: usize) {
+        self.bits[i / 32] |= 1 << (i & 0x1F);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flips bit i.
+     *
+     * @param i bit to set
+     */
+    pub fn flip(&mut self, i: usize) {
+        self.bits[i / 32] ^= 1 << (i & 0x1F);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param from first bit to check
+     * @return index of first bit that is set, starting from the given index, or size if none are set
+     *  at or beyond this given index
+     * @see #getNextUnset(int)
+     */
+    pub fn getNextSet(&self, from: usize) -> usize {
+        if from >= self.size {
+            return self.size;
+        }
+        let mut bitsOffset = from / 32;
+        let mut currentBits = self.bits[bitsOffset] as i64;
+        // mask off lesser bits first
+        currentBits &= -(1 << (from & 0x1F));
+        while currentBits == 0 {
+            bitsOffset += 1;
+            if bitsOffset == self.bits.len() {
+                return self.size;
+            }
+            currentBits = self.bits[bitsOffset] as i64;
+        }
+        let result = (bitsOffset * 32) + currentBits.trailing_zeros() as usize;
+        cmp::min(result, self.size)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param from index to start looking for unset bit
+     * @return index of next unset bit, or {@code size} if none are unset until the end
+     * @see #getNextSet(int)
+     */
+    pub fn getNextUnset(&self, from: usize) -> usize {
+        if from >= self.size {
+            return self.size;
+        }
+        let mut bitsOffset = from / 32;
+        let mut currentBits = !self.bits[bitsOffset] as i32;
+        // mask off lesser bits first
+        currentBits &= -(1 << (from & 0x1F));
+        while currentBits == 0 {
+            bitsOffset += 1;
+            if bitsOffset == self.bits.len() {
+                return self.size;
+            }
+            currentBits = !self.bits[bitsOffset] as i32;
+        }
+        let result = (bitsOffset * 32) + currentBits.trailing_zeros() as usize;
+        return cmp::min(result, self.size);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a block of 32 bits, starting at bit i.
+     *
+     * @param i first bit to set
+     * @param newBits the new value of the next 32 bits. Note again that the least-significant bit
+     * corresponds to bit i, the next-least-significant to i+1, and so on.
+     */
+    pub fn setBulk(&mut self, i: usize, newBits: u32) {
+        self.bits[i / 32] = newBits;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a range of bits.
+     *
+     * @param start start of range, inclusive.
+     * @param end end of range, exclusive
+     */
+    pub fn setRange(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        let mut end = end;
+        if end < start || end > self.size {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "end < start || start < 0 || end > self.size".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if end == start {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        end -= 1; // will be easier to treat this as the last actually set bit -- inclusive
+        let firstInt = start / 32;
+        let lastInt = end / 32;
+        for i in firstInt..=lastInt {
+            //for (int i = firstInt; i <= lastInt; i++) {
+            let firstBit = if i > firstInt { 0 } else { start & 0x1F };
+            let lastBit = if i < lastInt { 31 } else { end & 0x1F };
+            // Ones from firstBit to lastBit, inclusive
+            let mask: u64 = (2 << lastBit) - (1 << firstBit);
+            self.bits[i] |= mask as u32;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears all bits (sets to false).
+     */
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        let max = self.bits.len();
+        for i in 0..max {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+            self.bits[i] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Efficient method to check if a range of bits is set, or not set.
+     *
+     * @param start start of range, inclusive.
+     * @param end end of range, exclusive
+     * @param value if true, checks that bits in range are set, otherwise checks that they are not set
+     * @return true iff all bits are set or not set in range, according to value argument
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if end is less than start or the range is not contained in the array
+     */
+    pub fn isRange(&self, start: usize, end: usize, value: bool) -> Result<bool, Exceptions> {
+        let mut end = end;
+        if end < start || end > self.size {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "end < start || start < 0 || end > self.size".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if end == start {
+            return Ok(true); // empty range matches
+        }
+        end -= 1; // will be easier to treat this as the last actually set bit -- inclusive
+        let firstInt = start / 32;
+        let lastInt = end / 32;
+        for i in firstInt..=lastInt {
+            //for (int i = firstInt; i <= lastInt; i++) {
+            let firstBit = if i > firstInt { 0 } else { start & 0x1F };
+            let lastBit = if i < lastInt { 31 } else { end & 0x1F };
+            // Ones from firstBit to lastBit, inclusive
+            let mask: u64 = (2 << lastBit) - (1 << firstBit);
+
+            // Return false if we're looking for 1s and the masked bits[i] isn't all 1s (that is,
+            // equals the mask, or we're looking for 0s and the masked portion is not all 0s
+            if (self.bits[i] & mask as u32) != (if value { mask as u32 } else { 0 }) {
+                return Ok(false);
+            }
+        }
+        return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    pub fn appendBit(&mut self, bit: bool) {
+        self.ensure_capacity(self.size + 1);
+        if bit {
+            self.bits[self.size / 32] |= 1 << (self.size & 0x1F);
+        }
+        self.size += 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the least-significant bits, from value, in order from most-significant to
+     * least-significant. For example, appending 6 bits from 0x000001E will append the bits
+     * 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 in that order.
+     *
+     * @param value {@code int} containing bits to append
+     * @param numBits bits from value to append
+     */
+    pub fn appendBits(&mut self, value: u32, num_bits: usize) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        if num_bits > 32 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Num bits must be between 0 and 32".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if num_bits == 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mut next_size = self.size;
+        self.ensure_capacity(next_size + num_bits);
+        for numBitsLeft in (0..num_bits).rev() {
+            //for (int numBitsLeft = numBits - 1; numBitsLeft >= 0; numBitsLeft--) {
+            if (value & (1 << numBitsLeft)) != 0 {
+                self.bits[next_size / 32] |= 1 << (next_size & 0x1F);
+            }
+            next_size += 1;
+        }
+        self.size = next_size;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn appendBitArray(&mut self, other: BitArray) {
+        let otherSize = other.size;
+        self.ensure_capacity(self.size + otherSize);
+        for i in 0..otherSize {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < otherSize; i++) {
+            self.appendBit(other.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn xor(&mut self, other: &BitArray) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        if self.size != other.size {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Sizes don't match".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        for i in 0..self.bits.len() {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < bits.length; i++) {
+            // The last int could be incomplete (i.e. not have 32 bits in
+            // it) but there is no problem since 0 XOR 0 == 0.
+            self.bits[i] ^= other.bits[i];
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param bitOffset first bit to start writing
+     * @param array array to write into. Bytes are written most-significant byte first. This is the opposite
+     *  of the internal representation, which is exposed by {@link #getBitArray()}
+     * @param offset position in array to start writing
+     * @param numBytes how many bytes to write
+     */
+    pub fn toBytes(&self, bitOffset: usize, array: &mut [u8], offset: usize, numBytes: usize) {
+        let mut bitOffset = bitOffset;
+        for i in 0..numBytes {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < numBytes; i++) {
+            let mut theByte = 0;
+            for j in 0..8 {
+                //for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
+                if self.get(bitOffset) {
+                    theByte |= 1 << (7 - j);
+                }
+                bitOffset += 1;
+            }
+            array[offset + i] = theByte;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return underlying array of ints. The first element holds the first 32 bits, and the least
+     *         significant bit is bit 0.
+     */
+    pub fn getBitArray(&self) -> &Vec<u32> {
+        return &self.bits;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reverses all bits in the array.
+     */
+    pub fn reverse(&mut self) {
+        let mut newBits = vec![0; self.bits.len()];
+        // reverse all int's first
+        let len = (self.size - 1) / 32;
+        let oldBitsLen = len + 1;
+        for i in 0..oldBitsLen {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < oldBitsLen; i++) {
+            newBits[len - i] = self.bits[i].reverse_bits();
+        }
+        // now correct the int's if the bit size isn't a multiple of 32
+        if self.size != oldBitsLen * 32 {
+            let leftOffset = oldBitsLen * 32 - self.size;
+            let mut currentInt = newBits[0] >> leftOffset;
+            for i in 1..oldBitsLen {
+                //for (int i = 1; i < oldBitsLen; i++) {
+                let nextInt = newBits[i];
+                currentInt |= nextInt << (32 - leftOffset);
+                newBits[i - 1] = currentInt;
+                currentInt = nextInt >> leftOffset;
+            }
+            newBits[oldBitsLen - 1] = currentInt;
+        }
+        self.bits = newBits;
+    }
+
+    fn makeArray(size: usize) -> Vec<u32> {
+        return vec![0; (size + 31) / 32];
+    }
+
+    //   @Override
+    //   public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    //     if (!(o instanceof BitArray)) {
+    //       return false;
+    //     }
+    //     BitArray other = (BitArray) o;
+    //     return size == other.size && Arrays.equals(bits, other.bits);
+    //   }
+
+    //   @Override
+    //   public int hashCode() {
+    //     return 31 * size + Arrays.hashCode(bits);
+    //   }
+
+    //   @Override
+    //   public BitArray clone() {
+    //     return new BitArray(bits.clone(), size);
+    //   }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BitArray {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut _str = String::with_capacity(self.size + (self.size / 8) + 1);
+        for i in 0..self.size {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            if (i & 0x07) == 0 {
+                _str.push_str(" ");
+            }
+            _str.push_str(if self.get(i) { "X" } else { "." });
+        }
+        write!(f, "{}", _str)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/bit_matrix.rs b/src/common/bit_matrix.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7a0520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/bit_matrix.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.util.Arrays;
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::BitArray;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Represents a 2D matrix of bits. In function arguments below, and throughout the common
+ * module, x is the column position, and y is the row position. The ordering is always x, y.
+ * The origin is at the top-left.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Internally the bits are represented in a 1-D array of 32-bit ints. However, each row begins
+ * with a new int. This is done intentionally so that we can copy out a row into a BitArray very
+ * efficiently.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>The ordering of bits is row-major. Within each int, the least significant bits are used first,
+ * meaning they represent lower x values. This is compatible with BitArray's implementation.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ * @author dswitkin@google.com (Daniel Switkin)
+ */
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct BitMatrix {
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    row_size: usize,
+    bits: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl BitMatrix {
+    /**
+     * Creates an empty square {@code BitMatrix}.
+     *
+     * @param dimension height and width
+     */
+    pub fn with_single_dimension(dimension: u32) -> Self {
+        Self::new(dimension, dimension).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an empty {@code BitMatrix}.
+     *
+     * @param width bit matrix width
+     * @param height bit matrix height
+     */
+    pub fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
+        if width < 1 || height < 1 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Both dimensions must be greater than 0".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            width,
+            height,
+            row_size: ((width + 31) / 32) as usize,
+            bits: vec![0; (((width + 31) / 32) * height) as usize],
+        })
+        // this.width = width;
+        // this.height = height;
+        // this.rowSize = (width + 31) / 32;
+        // bits = new int[rowSize * height];
+    }
+
+    fn with_all_data(&self, width: u32, height: u32, rowSize: usize, bits: Vec<u32>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width,
+            height,
+            row_size: rowSize,
+            bits,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Interprets a 2D array of booleans as a {@code BitMatrix}, where "true" means an "on" bit.
+     *
+     * @param image bits of the image, as a row-major 2D array. Elements are arrays representing rows
+     * @return {@code BitMatrix} representation of image
+     */
+    pub fn parse_bools(image: &Vec<Vec<bool>>) -> Self {
+        let height: u32 = image.len().try_into().unwrap();
+        let width: u32 = image[0].len().try_into().unwrap();
+        let mut bits = BitMatrix::new(width, height).unwrap();
+        for i in 0..height as usize {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < height; i++) {
+            let imageI = &image[i];
+            for j in 0..width as usize {
+                //for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
+                if imageI[j] {
+                    bits.set(j as u32, i as u32);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return bits;
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_strings(
+        string_representation: &str,
+        set_string: &str,
+        unset_string: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
+        // cannot pass nulls in rust
+        // if (stringRepresentation == null) {
+        //   throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        // }
+
+        let mut bits = vec![false; string_representation.len()];
+        let mut bitsPos = 0;
+        let mut rowStartPos = 0;
+        let mut rowLength = 0; //-1;
+        let mut first_run = true;
+        let mut nRows = 0;
+        let mut pos = 0;
+        while pos < string_representation.len() {
+            if string_representation.chars().nth(pos).unwrap() == '\n'
+                || string_representation.chars().nth(pos).unwrap() == '\r'
+            {
+                if bitsPos > rowStartPos {
+                    //if rowLength == -1 {
+                    if first_run {
+                        first_run = false;
+                        rowLength = bitsPos - rowStartPos;
+                    } else if bitsPos - rowStartPos != rowLength {
+                        return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "row lengths do not match".to_owned(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    rowStartPos = bitsPos;
+                    nRows += 1;
+                }
+                pos += 1;
+            } else if string_representation[pos..].starts_with(set_string) {
+                pos += set_string.len();
+                bits[bitsPos] = true;
+                bitsPos += 1;
+            } else if string_representation[pos..].starts_with(unset_string) {
+                pos += unset_string.len();
+                bits[bitsPos] = false;
+                bitsPos += 1;
+            } else {
+                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
+                    "illegal character encountered: {}",
+                    string_representation[pos..].to_owned()
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // no EOL at end?
+        if bitsPos > rowStartPos {
+            //if rowLength == -1 {
+            if first_run {
+                first_run = false;
+                rowLength = bitsPos - rowStartPos;
+            } else if bitsPos - rowStartPos != rowLength {
+                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "row lengths do not match".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            nRows += 1;
+        }
+
+        let mut matrix = BitMatrix::new(rowLength.try_into().unwrap(), nRows)?;
+        for i in 0..bitsPos {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < bitsPos; i++) {
+            if bits[i] {
+                matrix.set(
+                    (i % rowLength).try_into().unwrap(),
+                    (i / rowLength).try_into().unwrap(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        return Ok(matrix);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Gets the requested bit, where true means black.</p>
+     *
+     * @param x The horizontal component (i.e. which column)
+     * @param y The vertical component (i.e. which row)
+     * @return value of given bit in matrix
+     */
+    pub fn get(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> bool {
+        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
+        return ((self.bits[offset] >> (x & 0x1f)) & 1) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Sets the given bit to true.</p>
+     *
+     * @param x The horizontal component (i.e. which column)
+     * @param y The vertical component (i.e. which row)
+     */
+    pub fn set(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) {
+        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
+        self.bits[offset] |= 1 << (x & 0x1f);
+    }
+
+    pub fn unset(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) {
+        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
+        self.bits[offset] &= !(1 << (x & 0x1f));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Flips the given bit.</p>
+     *
+     * @param x The horizontal component (i.e. which column)
+     * @param y The vertical component (i.e. which row)
+     */
+    pub fn flip_coords(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) {
+        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
+        self.bits[offset] ^= 1 << (x & 0x1f);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Flips every bit in the matrix.</p>
+     */
+    pub fn flip_self(&mut self) {
+        let max = self.bits.len();
+        for i in 0..max {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+            self.bits[i] = !self.bits[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exclusive-or (XOR): Flip the bit in this {@code BitMatrix} if the corresponding
+     * mask bit is set.
+     *
+     * @param mask XOR mask
+     */
+    pub fn xor(&mut self, mask: &BitMatrix) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        if self.width != mask.width || self.height != mask.height || self.row_size != mask.row_size
+        {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "input matrix dimensions do not match".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let rowArray = BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize);
+        for y in 0..self.height {
+            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            let offset = y as usize * self.row_size;
+            let tmp = mask.getRow(y, &rowArray);
+            let row = tmp.getBitArray();
+            for x in 0..self.row_size {
+                //for (int x = 0; x < rowSize; x++) {
+                self.bits[offset + x] ^= row[x];
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears all bits (sets to false).
+     */
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        let max = self.bits.len();
+        for i in 0..max {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+            self.bits[i] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Sets a square region of the bit matrix to true.</p>
+     *
+     * @param left The horizontal position to begin at (inclusive)
+     * @param top The vertical position to begin at (inclusive)
+     * @param width The width of the region
+     * @param height The height of the region
+     */
+    pub fn setRegion(
+        &mut self,
+        left: u32,
+        top: u32,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+    ) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        // if top < 0 || left < 0 {
+        //     return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+        //         "Left and top must be nonnegative".to_owned(),
+        //     ));
+        // }
+        if height < 1 || width < 1 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Height and width must be at least 1".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let right = left + width;
+        let bottom = top + height;
+        if bottom > self.height || right > self.width {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "The region must fit inside the matrix".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        for y in top..bottom {
+            //for (int y = top; y < bottom; y++) {
+            let offset = y as usize * self.row_size;
+            for x in left..right {
+                //for (int x = left; x < right; x++) {
+                self.bits[offset + (x as usize / 32)] |= 1 << (x & 0x1f);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A fast method to retrieve one row of data from the matrix as a BitArray.
+     *
+     * @param y The row to retrieve
+     * @param row An optional caller-allocated BitArray, will be allocated if null or too small
+     * @return The resulting BitArray - this reference should always be used even when passing
+     *         your own row
+     */
+    pub fn getRow(&self, y: u32, row: &BitArray) -> BitArray {
+        let mut rw: BitArray = if row.getSize() < self.width as usize {
+            BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize)
+        } else {
+            let mut z = row.clone();
+            z.clear();
+            z
+            // row.clear();
+            // row.clone()
+        };
+
+        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size;
+        for x in 0..self.row_size {
+            //for (int x = 0; x < rowSize; x++) {
+            rw.setBulk(x * 32, self.bits[offset + x]);
+        }
+        return rw;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param y row to set
+     * @param row {@link BitArray} to copy from
+     */
+    pub fn setRow(&mut self, y: u32, row: &BitArray) {
+        return self.bits[y as usize * self.row_size..y as usize * self.row_size + self.row_size]
+            .clone_from_slice(&row.getBitArray()[0..self.row_size]);
+        //System.arraycopy(row.getBitArray(), 0, self.bits, y * self.rowSize, self.rowSize);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies this {@code BitMatrix} to represent the same but rotated the given degrees (0, 90, 180, 270)
+     *
+     * @param degrees number of degrees to rotate through counter-clockwise (0, 90, 180, 270)
+     */
+    pub fn rotate(&mut self, degrees: u32) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        match degrees % 360 {
+            0 => Ok(()),
+            90 => {
+                self.rotate90();
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            180 => {
+                self.rotate180();
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            270 => {
+                self.rotate90();
+                self.rotate180();
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            _ => Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "degrees must be a multiple of 0, 90, 180, or 270".to_owned(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies this {@code BitMatrix} to represent the same but rotated 180 degrees
+     */
+    pub fn rotate180(&mut self) {
+        let mut topRow = BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize);
+        let mut bottomRow = BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize);
+        let  maxHeight = (self.height + 1) / 2;
+        for i in 0..maxHeight {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < maxHeight; i++) {
+            topRow = self.getRow(i, &topRow);
+            let bottomRowIndex = self.height - 1 - i;
+            bottomRow = self.getRow(bottomRowIndex, &bottomRow);
+            topRow.reverse();
+            bottomRow.reverse();
+            self.setRow(i, &bottomRow);
+            self.setRow(bottomRowIndex, &topRow);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies this {@code BitMatrix} to represent the same but rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise
+     */
+    pub fn rotate90(&mut self) {
+        let  newWidth = self.height;
+        let  newHeight = self.width;
+        let  newRowSize = (newWidth + 31) / 32;
+        let mut newBits = vec![0; (newRowSize * newHeight).try_into().unwrap()];
+
+        for y in 0..self.height {
+            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            for x in 0..self.width {
+                //for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+                let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
+                if ((self.bits[offset] >> (x & 0x1f)) & 1) != 0 {
+                    let newOffset: usize = ((newHeight - 1 - x) * newRowSize + (y / 32))
+                        .try_into()
+                        .unwrap();
+                    newBits[newOffset] |= 1 << (y & 0x1f);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.width = newWidth;
+        self.height = newHeight;
+        self.row_size = newRowSize.try_into().unwrap();
+        self.bits = newBits;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is useful in detecting the enclosing rectangle of a 'pure' barcode.
+     *
+     * @return {@code left,top,width,height} enclosing rectangle of all 1 bits, or null if it is all white
+     */
+    pub fn getEnclosingRectangle(&self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        let mut left = self.width;
+        let mut top = self.height;
+        // let right = -1;
+        // let bottom = -1;
+        let mut right: u32 = 0;
+        let mut bottom = 0;
+
+        for y in 0..self.height {
+            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            for x32 in 0..self.row_size {
+                //for (int x32 = 0; x32 < rowSize; x32++) {
+                let theBits = self.bits[y as usize * self.row_size + x32];
+                if theBits != 0 {
+                    if y < top {
+                        top = y;
+                    }
+                    if y > bottom {
+                        bottom = y;
+                    }
+                    if x32 * 32 < left.try_into().unwrap() {
+                        let mut bit = 0;
+                        while (theBits << (31 - bit)) == 0 {
+                            bit += 1;
+                        }
+                        if (x32 * 32 + bit) < left.try_into().unwrap() {
+                            left = (x32 * 32 + bit).try_into().unwrap();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if x32 * 32 + 31 > right.try_into().unwrap() {
+                        let mut bit = 31;
+                        while (theBits >> bit) == 0 {
+                            bit -= 1;
+                        }
+                        if (x32 * 32 + bit) > right.try_into().unwrap() {
+                            right = (x32 * 32 + bit).try_into().unwrap();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if right < left || bottom < top {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        return Some(vec![left, top, right - left + 1, bottom - top + 1]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is useful in detecting a corner of a 'pure' barcode.
+     *
+     * @return {@code x,y} coordinate of top-left-most 1 bit, or null if it is all white
+     */
+    pub fn getTopLeftOnBit(&self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        let mut bitsOffset = 0;
+        while bitsOffset < self.bits.len() && self.bits[bitsOffset] == 0 {
+            bitsOffset += 1;
+        }
+        if bitsOffset == self.bits.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let y = bitsOffset / self.row_size;
+        let mut x = (bitsOffset % self.row_size) * 32;
+
+        let theBits = self.bits[bitsOffset];
+        let mut bit = 0;
+        while (theBits << (31 - bit)) == 0 {
+            bit += 1;
+        }
+        x += bit;
+        return Some(vec![x as u32, y as u32]);
+    }
+
+    pub fn getBottomRightOnBit(&self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        let mut bitsOffset = self.bits.len() as i64 - 1;
+        while bitsOffset >= 0 && self.bits[bitsOffset as usize] == 0 {
+            bitsOffset -= 1;
+        }
+        if bitsOffset < 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let y = bitsOffset as usize / self.row_size;
+        let mut x = (bitsOffset as usize % self.row_size) * 32;
+
+        let theBits = self.bits[bitsOffset as usize];
+        let mut bit = 31;
+        while (theBits >> bit) == 0 {
+            bit -= 1;
+        }
+        x += bit;
+
+        return Some(vec![x as u32, y as u32]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The width of the matrix
+     */
+    pub fn getWidth(&self) -> u32 {
+        return self.width;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The height of the matrix
+     */
+    pub fn getHeight(&self) -> u32 {
+        return self.height;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The row size of the matrix
+     */
+    pub fn getRowSize(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.row_size;
+    }
+
+    // @Override
+    // public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    //   if (!(o instanceof BitMatrix)) {
+    //     return false;
+    //   }
+    //   BitMatrix other = (BitMatrix) o;
+    //   return width == other.width && height == other.height && rowSize == other.rowSize &&
+    //   Arrays.equals(bits, other.bits);
+    // }
+
+    // @Override
+    // public int hashCode() {
+    //   int hash = width;
+    //   hash = 31 * hash + width;
+    //   hash = 31 * hash + height;
+    //   hash = 31 * hash + rowSize;
+    //   hash = 31 * hash + Arrays.hashCode(bits);
+    //   return hash;
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * @param setString representation of a set bit
+     * @param unsetString representation of an unset bit
+     * @return string representation of entire matrix utilizing given strings
+     */
+    pub fn toString(&self, setString: &str, unsetString: &str) -> String {
+        return self.buildToString(setString, unsetString, "\n");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param setString representation of a set bit
+     * @param unsetString representation of an unset bit
+     * @param lineSeparator newline character in string representation
+     * @return string representation of entire matrix utilizing given strings and line separator
+     * @deprecated call {@link #toString(String,String)} only, which uses \n line separator always
+     */
+    // @Deprecated
+    // public String toString(String setString, String unsetString, String lineSeparator) {
+    //   return buildToString(setString, unsetString, lineSeparator);
+    // }
+
+    fn buildToString(&self, setString: &str, unsetString: &str, lineSeparator: &str) -> String {
+        let mut result =
+            String::with_capacity((self.height * (self.width + 1)).try_into().unwrap());
+        for y in 0..self.height {
+            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            for x in 0..self.width {
+                //for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+                result.push_str(if self.get(x, y) {
+                    setString
+                } else {
+                    unsetString
+                });
+            }
+            result.push_str(lineSeparator);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // @Override
+    // public BitMatrix clone() {
+    //   return new BitMatrix(width, height, rowSize, bits.clone());
+    // }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BitMatrix {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.toString("X ", "  "))
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/bit_source.rs b/src/common/bit_source.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e0cbba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/bit_source.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+use std::cmp;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * <p>This provides an easy abstraction to read bits at a time from a sequence of bytes, where the
+ * number of bits read is not often a multiple of 8.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>This class is thread-safe but not reentrant -- unless the caller modifies the bytes array
+ * it passed in, in which case all bets are off.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+pub struct BitSource {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    byte_offset: usize,
+    bit_offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl BitSource {
+    /**
+     * @param bytes bytes from which this will read bits. Bits will be read from the first byte first.
+     * Bits are read within a byte from most-significant to least-significant bit.
+     */
+    pub fn new(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bytes,
+            byte_offset: 0,
+            bit_offset: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return index of next bit in current byte which would be read by the next call to {@link #readBits(int)}.
+     */
+    pub fn getBitOffset(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.bit_offset;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return index of next byte in input byte array which would be read by the next call to {@link #readBits(int)}.
+     */
+    pub fn getByteOffset(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.byte_offset;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param numBits number of bits to read
+     * @return int representing the bits read. The bits will appear as the least-significant
+     *         bits of the int
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if numBits isn't in [1,32] or more than is available
+     */
+    pub fn readBits(&mut self, numBits: usize) -> Result<u32, Exceptions> {
+        if numBits < 1 || numBits > 32 || numBits > self.available() {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(numBits.to_string()));
+        }
+
+        let mut result: u32 = 0;
+
+        let mut num_bits = numBits;
+
+        // First, read remainder from current byte
+        if self.bit_offset > 0 {
+            let bitsLeft = 8 - self.bit_offset;
+            let toRead = cmp::min(num_bits, bitsLeft);
+            let bitsToNotRead = bitsLeft - toRead;
+            let mask = (0xFF >> (8 - toRead)) << bitsToNotRead;
+
+            result = (self.bytes[self.byte_offset] & mask) as u32 >> bitsToNotRead;
+            num_bits -= toRead;
+            self.bit_offset += toRead;
+            if self.bit_offset == 8 {
+                self.bit_offset = 0;
+                self.byte_offset += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Next read whole bytes
+        if num_bits > 0 {
+            while num_bits >= 8 {
+                result = (result << 8) | (self.bytes[self.byte_offset] & 0xFF) as u32;
+                // result = ((result as u16) << 8) as u8 | (self.bytes[self.byte_offset]);
+                self.byte_offset += 1;
+                num_bits -= 8;
+            }
+
+            // Finally read a partial byte
+            if num_bits > 0 {
+                let bits_to_not_read = 8 - num_bits;
+                let mask = (0xFF >> bits_to_not_read) << bits_to_not_read;
+                result = (result << num_bits)
+                    | ((self.bytes[self.byte_offset] & mask) as u32 >> bits_to_not_read);
+                self.bit_offset += num_bits;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Ok(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return number of bits that can be read successfully
+     */
+    pub fn available(&self) -> usize {
+        return 8 * (self.bytes.len() - self.byte_offset) - self.bit_offset;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/bit_source_builder.rs b/src/common/bit_source_builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd6f34c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/bit_source_builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Class that lets one easily build an array of bytes by appending bits at a time.
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+pub struct BitSourceBuilder {
+    output: Vec<u8>,
+    nextByte: u32,
+    bitsLeftInNextByte: u32,
+}
+
+impl BitSourceBuilder {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            output: Vec::new(),
+            nextByte: 0,
+            bitsLeftInNextByte: 8,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&mut self, value: u32, numBits: u32) {
+        if numBits <= self.bitsLeftInNextByte {
+            self.nextByte <<= numBits;
+            self.nextByte |= value;
+            self.bitsLeftInNextByte -= numBits;
+            if self.bitsLeftInNextByte == 0 {
+                self.output.push(self.nextByte as u8);
+                self.nextByte = 0;
+                self.bitsLeftInNextByte = 8;
+            }
+        } else {
+            let bitsToWriteNow = self.bitsLeftInNextByte;
+            let numRestOfBits = numBits - bitsToWriteNow;
+            let mask = 0xFF >> (8 - bitsToWriteNow);
+            let valueToWriteNow = (value >> numRestOfBits) & mask;
+            self.write(valueToWriteNow, bitsToWriteNow);
+            self.write(value, numRestOfBits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn toByteArray(&mut self) -> &Vec<u8> {
+        if self.bitsLeftInNextByte < 8 {
+            self.write(0, self.bitsLeftInNextByte);
+        }
+        &self.output
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/character_set_eci.rs b/src/common/character_set_eci.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d8c511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/character_set_eci.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import com.google.zxing.FormatException;
+
+// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+// import java.util.HashMap;
+// import java.util.Map;
+
+use encoding::EncodingRef;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Encapsulates a Character Set ECI, according to "Extended Channel Interpretations" 5.3.1.1
+ * of ISO 18004.
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum CharacterSetECI {
+    // Enum name is a Java encoding valid for java.lang and java.io
+    Cp437,              //(new int[]{0,2}),
+    ISO8859_1,          //(new int[]{1,3}, "ISO-8859-1"),
+    ISO8859_2,          //(4, "ISO-8859-2"),
+    ISO8859_3,          //(5, "ISO-8859-3"),
+    ISO8859_4,          //(6, "ISO-8859-4"),
+    ISO8859_5,          //(7, "ISO-8859-5"),
+    ISO8859_6,          //(8, "ISO-8859-6"),
+    ISO8859_7,          //(9, "ISO-8859-7"),
+    ISO8859_8,          //(10, "ISO-8859-8"),
+    ISO8859_9,          //(11, "ISO-8859-9"),
+    ISO8859_10,         //(12, "ISO-8859-10"),
+    ISO8859_11,         //(13, "ISO-8859-11"),
+    ISO8859_13,         //(15, "ISO-8859-13"),
+    ISO8859_14,         //(16, "ISO-8859-14"),
+    ISO8859_15,         //(17, "ISO-8859-15"),
+    ISO8859_16,         //(18, "ISO-8859-16"),
+    SJIS,               //(20, "Shift_JIS"),
+    Cp1250,             //(21, "windows-1250"),
+    Cp1251,             //(22, "windows-1251"),
+    Cp1252,             //(23, "windows-1252"),
+    Cp1256,             //(24, "windows-1256"),
+    UnicodeBigUnmarked, //(25, "UTF-16BE", "UnicodeBig"),
+    UTF8,               //(26, "UTF-8"),
+    ASCII,              //(new int[] {27, 170}, "US-ASCII"),
+    Big5,               //(28),
+    GB18030,            //(29, "GB2312", "EUC_CN", "GBK"),
+    EUC_KR,             //(30, "EUC-KR");
+}
+impl CharacterSetECI {
+    //   private static final Map<Integer,CharacterSetECI> VALUE_TO_ECI = new HashMap<>();
+    //   private static final Map<String,CharacterSetECI> NAME_TO_ECI = new HashMap<>();
+    //   static {
+    //     for (CharacterSetECI eci : values()) {
+    //       for (int value : eci.values) {
+    //         VALUE_TO_ECI.put(value, eci);
+    //       }
+    //       NAME_TO_ECI.put(eci.name(), eci);
+    //       for (String name : eci.otherEncodingNames) {
+    //         NAME_TO_ECI.put(name, eci);
+    //       }
+    //     }
+    //   }
+
+    //   private final int[] values;
+    //   private final String[] otherEncodingNames;
+
+    //   CharacterSetECI(int value) {
+    //     this(new int[] {value});
+    //   }
+
+    //   CharacterSetECI(int value, String... otherEncodingNames) {
+    //     this.values = new int[] {value};
+    //     this.otherEncodingNames = otherEncodingNames;
+    //   }
+
+    //   CharacterSetECI(int[] values, String... otherEncodingNames) {
+    //     this.values = values;
+    //     this.otherEncodingNames = otherEncodingNames;
+    //   }
+
+    pub fn getValueSelf(&self) -> u32 {
+        Self::getValue(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn getValue(cs_eci: &CharacterSetECI) -> u32 {
+        match cs_eci {
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp437 => 0,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1 => 1,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2 => 4,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3 => 5,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4 => 6,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5 => 7,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6 => 8,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7 => 9,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8 => 10,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9 => 11,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10 => 12,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11 => 13,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13 => 15,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14 => 16,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15 => 17,
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16 => 18,
+            CharacterSetECI::SJIS => 20,
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1250 => 21,
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1251 => 22,
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1252 => 23,
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1256 => 24,
+            CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked => 25,
+            CharacterSetECI::UTF8 => 26,
+            CharacterSetECI::ASCII => 27,
+            CharacterSetECI::Big5 => 28,
+            CharacterSetECI::GB18030 => 29,
+            CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR => 30,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn getCharset(cs_eci: &CharacterSetECI) -> EncodingRef {
+        let name = match cs_eci {
+            // CharacterSetECI::Cp437 => "CP437",
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp437 => "UTF-8",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1 => "ISO-8859-1",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2 => "ISO-8859-2",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3 => "ISO-8859-3",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4 => "ISO-8859-4",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5 => "ISO-8859-5",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6 => "ISO-8859-6",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7 => "ISO-8859-7",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8 => "ISO-8859-8",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9 => "ISO-8859-9",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10 => "ISO-8859-10",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11 => "ISO-8859-11",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13 => "ISO-8859-13",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14 => "ISO-8859-14",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15 => "ISO-8859-15",
+            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16 => "ISO-8859-16",
+            CharacterSetECI::SJIS => "Shift_JIS",
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1250 => "windows-1250",
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1251 => "windows-1251",
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1252 => "windows-1252",
+            CharacterSetECI::Cp1256 => "windows-1256",
+            CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked => "UTF-16BE",
+            CharacterSetECI::UTF8 => "UTF-8",
+            CharacterSetECI::ASCII => "US-ASCII",
+            CharacterSetECI::Big5 => "Big5",
+            CharacterSetECI::GB18030 => "GB2312",
+            CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR => "EUC-KR",
+        };
+        encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label(name).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param charset Java character set object
+     * @return CharacterSetECI representing ECI for character encoding, or null if it is legal
+     *   but unsupported
+     */
+    pub fn getCharacterSetECI(charset: EncodingRef) -> Option<CharacterSetECI> {
+        let name = if let Some(nm) = charset.whatwg_name() {
+            nm
+        } else {
+            charset.name()
+        };
+        match name {
+            "CP437" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp437),
+            "iso-8859-1" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1),
+            "iso-8859-2" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2),
+            "iso-8859-3" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3),
+            "iso-8859-4" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4),
+            "iso-8859-5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5),
+            "iso-8859-6" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6),
+            "iso-8859-7" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7),
+            "iso-8859-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8),
+            "iso-8859-9" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9),
+            "iso-8859-10" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10),
+            "iso-8859-11" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11),
+            "iso-8859-13" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13),
+            "iso-8859-14" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14),
+            "iso-8859-15" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15),
+            "iso-8859-16" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16),
+            "shift_jis" => Some(CharacterSetECI::SJIS),
+            "windows-1250" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1250),
+            "windows-1251" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1251),
+            "windows-1252" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1252),
+            "windows-1256" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1256),
+            "utf-16be" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked),
+            "utf-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UTF8),
+            "us-ascii" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ASCII),
+            "big5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Big5),
+            "gb2312" => Some(CharacterSetECI::GB18030),
+            "euc-kr" => Some(CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param value character set ECI value
+     * @return {@code CharacterSetECI} representing ECI of given value, or null if it is legal but
+     *   unsupported
+     * @throws FormatException if ECI value is invalid
+     */
+    pub fn getCharacterSetECIByValue(value: u32) -> Result<CharacterSetECI, Exceptions> {
+        match value {
+            0 | 2 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp437),
+            1 | 3 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1),
+            4 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2),
+            5 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3),
+            6 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4),
+            7 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5),
+            8 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6),
+            9 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7),
+            10 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8),
+            11 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9),
+            12 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10),
+            13 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11),
+            15 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13),
+            16 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14),
+            17 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15),
+            18 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16),
+            20 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::SJIS),
+            21 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1250),
+            22 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1251),
+            23 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1252),
+            24 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1256),
+            25 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked),
+            26 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::UTF8),
+            27 | 170 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ASCII),
+            28 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Big5),
+            29 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::GB18030),
+            30 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR),
+            _ => Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("Bad ECI Value".to_owned())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param name character set ECI encoding name
+     * @return CharacterSetECI representing ECI for character encoding, or null if it is legal
+     *   but unsupported
+     */
+    pub fn getCharacterSetECIByName(name: &str) -> Option<CharacterSetECI> {
+        match name {
+            "CP437" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp437),
+            "ISO-8859-1" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1),
+            "ISO-8859-2" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2),
+            "ISO-8859-3" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3),
+            "ISO-8859-4" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4),
+            "ISO-8859-5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5),
+            "ISO-8859-6" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6),
+            "ISO-8859-7" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7),
+            "ISO-8859-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8),
+            "ISO-8859-9" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9),
+            "ISO-8859-10" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10),
+            "ISO-8859-11" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11),
+            "ISO-8859-13" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13),
+            "ISO-8859-14" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14),
+            "ISO-8859-15" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15),
+            "ISO-8859-16" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16),
+            "Shift_JIS" => Some(CharacterSetECI::SJIS),
+            "windows-1250" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1250),
+            "windows-1251" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1251),
+            "windows-1252" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1252),
+            "windows-1256" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1256),
+            "UTF-16BE" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked),
+            "UTF-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UTF8),
+            "US-ASCII" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ASCII),
+            "Big5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Big5),
+            "GB2312" => Some(CharacterSetECI::GB18030),
+            "EUC-KR" => Some(CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/decoder_rxing_result.rs b/src/common/decoder_rxing_result.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c39c3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/decoder_rxing_result.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.util.List;
+
+use std::any::Any;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Encapsulates the result of decoding a matrix of bits. This typically
+ * applies to 2D barcode formats. For now it contains the raw bytes obtained,
+ * as well as a String interpretation of those bytes, if applicable.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+pub struct DecoderRXingResult {
+    rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
+    numBits: usize,
+    text: String,
+    byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    ecLevel: String,
+    errorsCorrected: u64,
+    erasures: u64,
+    other: Box<dyn Any>,
+    structuredAppendParity: i32,
+    structuredAppendSequenceNumber: i32,
+    symbologyModifier: u32,
+}
+
+impl DecoderRXingResult {
+    pub fn new(
+        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
+        text: String,
+        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        ecLevel: String,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::with_all(rawBytes, text, byteSegments, ecLevel, -2, -2, 0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_symbology(
+        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
+        text: String,
+        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        ecLevel: String,
+        symbologyModifier: u32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::with_all(
+            rawBytes,
+            text,
+            byteSegments,
+            ecLevel,
+            -1,
+            -1,
+            symbologyModifier,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_sa(
+        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
+        text: String,
+        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        ecLevel: String,
+        saSequence: i32,
+        saParity: i32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::with_all(
+            rawBytes,
+            text,
+            byteSegments,
+            ecLevel,
+            saSequence,
+            saParity,
+            0,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_all(
+        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
+        text: String,
+        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        ecLevel: String,
+        saSequence: i32,
+        saParity: i32,
+        symbologyModifier: u32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let nb = rawBytes.len();
+        Self {
+            rawBytes,
+            numBits: nb,
+            text,
+            byteSegments,
+            ecLevel,
+            errorsCorrected: 0,
+            erasures: 0,
+            other: Box::new(false),
+            structuredAppendParity: saParity,
+            structuredAppendSequenceNumber: saSequence,
+            symbologyModifier,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return raw bytes representing the result, or {@code null} if not applicable
+     */
+    pub fn getRawBytes(&self) -> &Vec<u8> {
+        &self.rawBytes
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return how many bits of {@link #getRawBytes()} are valid; typically 8 times its length
+     * @since 3.3.0
+     */
+    pub fn getNumBits(&self) -> usize {
+        self.numBits
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param numBits overrides the number of bits that are valid in {@link #getRawBytes()}
+     * @since 3.3.0
+     */
+    pub fn setNumBits(&mut self, numBits: usize) {
+        self.numBits = numBits;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return text representation of the result
+     */
+    pub fn getText(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.text
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return list of byte segments in the result, or {@code null} if not applicable
+     */
+    pub fn getByteSegments(&self) -> &Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+        &self.byteSegments
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return name of error correction level used, or {@code null} if not applicable
+     */
+    pub fn getECLevel(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.ecLevel
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return number of errors corrected, or {@code null} if not applicable
+     */
+    pub fn getErrorsCorrected(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.errorsCorrected
+    }
+
+    pub fn setErrorsCorrected(&mut self, errorsCorrected: u64) {
+        self.errorsCorrected = errorsCorrected;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return number of erasures corrected, or {@code null} if not applicable
+     */
+    pub fn getErasures(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.erasures
+    }
+
+    pub fn setErasures(&mut self, erasures: u64) {
+        self.erasures = erasures
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return arbitrary additional metadata
+     */
+    pub fn getOther(&self) -> &Box<dyn Any> {
+        &self.other
+    }
+
+    pub fn setOther(&mut self, other: Box<dyn Any>) {
+        self.other = other
+    }
+
+    pub fn hasStructuredAppend(&self) -> bool {
+        self.structuredAppendParity >= 0 && self.structuredAppendSequenceNumber >= 0
+    }
+
+    pub fn getStructuredAppendParity(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.structuredAppendParity
+    }
+
+    pub fn getStructuredAppendSequenceNumber(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.structuredAppendSequenceNumber
+    }
+
+    pub fn getSymbologyModifier(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.symbologyModifier
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/default_grid_sampler.rs b/src/common/default_grid_sampler.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeaf523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/default_grid_sampler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{BitMatrix, PerspectiveTransform, GridSampler};
+
+/**
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+pub struct DefaultGridSampler {}
+
+impl GridSampler for DefaultGridSampler {
+    fn sample_grid_detailed(
+        &self,
+        image: &BitMatrix,
+        dimensionX: u32,
+        dimensionY: u32,
+        p1ToX: f32,
+        p1ToY: f32,
+        p2ToX: f32,
+        p2ToY: f32,
+        p3ToX: f32,
+        p3ToY: f32,
+        p4ToX: f32,
+        p4ToY: f32,
+        p1FromX: f32,
+        p1FromY: f32,
+        p2FromX: f32,
+        p2FromY: f32,
+        p3FromX: f32,
+        p3FromY: f32,
+        p4FromX: f32,
+        p4FromY: f32,
+    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
+        let transform = PerspectiveTransform::quadrilateralToQuadrilateral(
+            p1ToX, p1ToY, p2ToX, p2ToY, p3ToX, p3ToY, p4ToX, p4ToY, p1FromX, p1FromY, p2FromX,
+            p2FromY, p3FromX, p3FromY, p4FromX, p4FromY,
+        );
+
+        self.sample_grid(image, dimensionX, dimensionY, &transform)
+    }
+
+    fn sample_grid(
+        &self,
+        image: &BitMatrix,
+        dimensionX: u32,
+        dimensionY: u32,
+        transform: &PerspectiveTransform,
+    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
+        if dimensionX == 0 || dimensionY == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
+                "getNotFoundInstance".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let mut bits = BitMatrix::new(dimensionX, dimensionY)?;
+        let mut points = vec![0_f32; 2 * dimensionX as usize];
+        for y in 0..dimensionY {
+            //   for (int y = 0; y < dimensionY; y++) {
+            let max = points.len();
+            let i_value = y as f32 + 0.5f32;
+            let mut x = 0;
+            while x < max {
+                // for (int x = 0; x < max; x += 2) {
+                points[x] = (x as f32 / 2.0) + 0.5f32;
+                points[x + 1] = i_value;
+                x += 2;
+            }
+            transform.transform_points_single(&mut points);
+            // Quick check to see if points transformed to something inside the image;
+            // sufficient to check the endpoints
+            self.checkAndNudgePoints(image, &mut points)?;
+            // try {
+            let mut x = 0;
+            while x < max {
+                //   for (int x = 0; x < max; x += 2) {
+                if points[x].floor() as u32 >= image.getWidth()
+                    || points[x + 1].floor() as u32 >= image.getHeight()
+                {
+                    return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
+                        "index out of bounds, see documentation in file for explanation".to_owned(),
+                    ));
+                }
+                if image.get(points[x].floor() as u32, points[x + 1].floor() as u32) {
+                    // Black(-ish) pixel
+                    bits.set(x as u32 / 2, y);
+                }
+                x += 2;
+            }
+            // } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aioobe) {
+            //   // This feels wrong, but, sometimes if the finder patterns are misidentified, the resulting
+            //   // transform gets "twisted" such that it maps a straight line of points to a set of points
+            //   // whose endpoints are in bounds, but others are not. There is probably some mathematical
+            //   // way to detect this about the transformation that I don't know yet.
+            //   // This results in an ugly runtime exception despite our clever checks above -- can't have
+            //   // that. We could check each point's coordinates but that feels duplicative. We settle for
+            //   // catching and wrapping ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
+            //   throw NotFoundException.getNotFoundInstance();
+            // }
+        }
+        return Ok(bits);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/detector/mod.rs b/src/common/detector/mod.rs
index cd93b16..7deada3 100644
--- a/src/common/detector/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/detector/mod.rs
@@ -2,697 +2,8 @@ pub mod MathUtils;
 use crate::common::BitMatrix;
 use crate::{Exceptions, RXingResultPoint, ResultPoint};
 
-/*
- * Copyright 2009 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
+mod monochrome_rectangle_detector;
+pub use monochrome_rectangle_detector::*;
 
-//package com.google.zxing.common.detector;
-
-/**
- * <p>A somewhat generic detector that looks for a barcode-like rectangular region within an image.
- * It looks within a mostly white region of an image for a region of black and white, but mostly
- * black. It returns the four corners of the region, as best it can determine.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- * @deprecated without replacement since 3.3.0
- */
-const MAX_MODULES: i32 = 32;
-#[deprecated]
-pub struct MonochromeRectangleDetector {
-    image: BitMatrix,
-}
-
-impl MonochromeRectangleDetector {
-    pub fn new(image: &BitMatrix) -> Self {
-        Self { image: image.clone() }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * <p>Detects a rectangular region of black and white -- mostly black -- with a region of mostly
-     * white, in an image.</p>
-     *
-     * @return {@link RXingResultPoint}[] describing the corners of the rectangular region. The first and
-     *  last points are opposed on the diagonal, as are the second and third. The first point will be
-     *  the topmost point and the last, the bottommost. The second point will be leftmost and the
-     *  third, the rightmost
-     * @throws NotFoundException if no Data Matrix Code can be found
-     */
-    pub fn detect(&self) -> Result<Vec<RXingResultPoint>, Exceptions> {
-        let height = self.image.getHeight() as i32;
-        let width = self.image.getWidth() as i32;
-        let halfHeight= height / 2;
-        let halfWidth = width / 2;
-        let deltaY = 1.max(height as i32 / (MAX_MODULES * 8));
-        let deltaX = 1.max(width as i32 / (MAX_MODULES * 8));
-
-        let mut top = 0;
-        let mut bottom = height;
-        let mut left = 0;
-        let mut right = width;
-        let mut pointA = self.findCornerFromCenter(
-            halfWidth,
-            0,
-            left,
-            right,
-            halfHeight,
-            -deltaY,
-            top,
-            bottom,
-            halfWidth / 2,
-        )?;
-        top = (pointA.getY() - 1f32) as i32;
-        let pointB = self.findCornerFromCenter(
-            halfWidth,
-            -deltaX,
-            left,
-            right,
-            halfHeight,
-            0,
-            top,
-            bottom,
-            halfHeight / 2,
-        )?;
-        left = (pointB.getX() - 1f32) as i32;
-        let pointC = self.findCornerFromCenter(
-            halfWidth,
-            deltaX,
-            left,
-            right,
-            halfHeight,
-            0,
-            top,
-            bottom,
-            halfHeight / 2,
-        )?;
-        right = (pointC.getX() + 1f32) as i32;
-        let pointD = self.findCornerFromCenter(
-            halfWidth,
-            0,
-            left,
-            right,
-            halfHeight,
-            deltaY,
-            top,
-            bottom,
-            halfWidth / 2,
-        )?;
-        bottom = (pointD.getY() + 1f32) as i32;
-
-        // Go try to find point A again with better information -- might have been off at first.
-        pointA = self.findCornerFromCenter(
-            halfWidth,
-            0,
-            left,
-            right,
-            halfHeight,
-            -deltaY,
-            top,
-            bottom,
-            halfWidth / 4,
-        )?;
-
-        return Ok(vec![pointA, pointB, pointC, pointD]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Attempts to locate a corner of the barcode by scanning up, down, left or right from a center
-     * point which should be within the barcode.
-     *
-     * @param centerX center's x component (horizontal)
-     * @param deltaX same as deltaY but change in x per step instead
-     * @param left minimum value of x
-     * @param right maximum value of x
-     * @param centerY center's y component (vertical)
-     * @param deltaY change in y per step. If scanning up this is negative; down, positive;
-     *  left or right, 0
-     * @param top minimum value of y to search through (meaningless when di == 0)
-     * @param bottom maximum value of y
-     * @param maxWhiteRun maximum run of white pixels that can still be considered to be within
-     *  the barcode
-     * @return a {@link RXingResultPoint} encapsulating the corner that was found
-     * @throws NotFoundException if such a point cannot be found
-     */
-    fn findCornerFromCenter(
-        &self,
-        centerX: i32,
-        deltaX: i32,
-        left: i32,
-        right: i32,
-        centerY: i32,
-        deltaY: i32,
-        top: i32,
-        bottom: i32,
-        maxWhiteRun: i32,
-    ) -> Result<RXingResultPoint, Exceptions> {
-        let mut lastRange_z: Option<Vec<i32>> = None;
-        let mut y: i32 = centerY;
-        let mut x: i32 = centerX;
-        while y < bottom && y >= top && x < right && x >= left {
-            let range: Option<Vec<i32>>;
-            if deltaX == 0 {
-                // horizontal slices, up and down
-                range = self.blackWhiteRange(y, maxWhiteRun, left, right, true);
-            } else {
-                // vertical slices, left and right
-                range = self.blackWhiteRange(x, maxWhiteRun, top, bottom, false);
-            }
-            if range.is_none() {
-                if let Some(lastRange) = lastRange_z {
-                // lastRange was found
-                if deltaX == 0 {
-                    let lastY = y - deltaY;
-                    if lastRange[0] < centerX {
-                        if lastRange[1] > centerX {
-                            // straddle, choose one or the other based on direction
-                            return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
-                                lastRange[if deltaY > 0 { 0 } else { 1 }] as f32,
-                                lastY as f32,
-                            ));
-                        }
-                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
-                            lastRange[0] as f32,
-                            lastY as f32,
-                        ));
-                    } else {
-                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
-                            lastRange[1] as f32,
-                            lastY as f32,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    let lastX = x - deltaX;
-                    if lastRange[0] < centerY {
-                        if lastRange[1] > centerY {
-                            return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
-                                lastX as f32,
-                                lastRange[if deltaX < 0 { 0 } else { 1 }] as f32,
-                            ));
-                        }
-                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
-                            lastX as f32,
-                            lastRange[0] as f32,
-                        ));
-                    } else {
-                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
-                            lastX as f32,
-                            lastRange[1] as f32,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-            }}else {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-            }
-            lastRange_z = range;
-            y += deltaY;
-            x += deltaX
-        }
-        return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the start and end of a region of pixels, either horizontally or vertically, that could
-     * be part of a Data Matrix barcode.
-     *
-     * @param fixedDimension if scanning horizontally, this is the row (the fixed vertical location)
-     *  where we are scanning. If scanning vertically it's the column, the fixed horizontal location
-     * @param maxWhiteRun largest run of white pixels that can still be considered part of the
-     *  barcode region
-     * @param minDim minimum pixel location, horizontally or vertically, to consider
-     * @param maxDim maximum pixel location, horizontally or vertically, to consider
-     * @param horizontal if true, we're scanning left-right, instead of up-down
-     * @return int[] with start and end of found range, or null if no such range is found
-     *  (e.g. only white was found)
-     */
-    fn blackWhiteRange(
-        &self,
-        fixedDimension: i32,
-        maxWhiteRun: i32,
-        minDim: i32,
-        maxDim: i32,
-        horizontal: bool,
-    ) -> Option<Vec<i32>> {
-        let center = (minDim + maxDim) / 2;
-
-        // Scan left/up first
-        let mut start = center;
-        while (start >= minDim) {
-            if if horizontal {
-                self.image.get(start as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
-            } else {
-                self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, start as u32)
-            } {
-                start = start - 1;
-            } else {
-                let whiteRunStart = start;
-                start = start - 1;
-                while start >= minDim
-                    && !(if horizontal {
-                        self.image.get(start as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
-                    } else {
-                        self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, start as u32)
-                    })
-                {
-                    start = start - 1;
-                }
-                let whiteRunSize = whiteRunStart - start;
-                if start < minDim || whiteRunSize > maxWhiteRun {
-                    start = whiteRunStart;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        start = start + 1;
-
-        // Then try right/down
-        let mut end = center;
-        while (end < maxDim) {
-            if if horizontal {
-                self.image.get(end as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
-            } else {
-                self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, end as u32)
-            } {
-                end = end + 1;
-            } else {
-                let whiteRunStart = end;
-                end = end + 1;
-                while end < maxDim
-                    && !(if horizontal {
-                        self.image.get(end as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
-                    } else {
-                        self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, end as u32)
-                    })
-                {
-                    end = end + 1;
-                }
-                let whiteRunSize = end - whiteRunStart;
-                if end >= maxDim || whiteRunSize > maxWhiteRun {
-                    end = whiteRunStart;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        end = end - 1;
-
-        return if end > start {
-            Some(vec![start, end])
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2010 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-//package com.google.zxing.common.detector;
-
-/**
- * <p>
- * Detects a candidate barcode-like rectangular region within an image. It
- * starts around the center of the image, increases the size of the candidate
- * region until it finds a white rectangular region. By keeping track of the
- * last black points it encountered, it determines the corners of the barcode.
- * </p>
- *
- * @author David Olivier
- */
-const INIT_SIZE: i32 = 10;
-const CORR: i32 = 1;
-pub struct WhiteRectangleDetector {
-    image: BitMatrix,
-    height: i32,
-    width: i32,
-    leftInit: i32,
-    rightInit: i32,
-    downInit: i32,
-    upInit: i32,
-}
-
-impl WhiteRectangleDetector {
-    pub fn new_from_image(image: &BitMatrix) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
-        Self::new(
-            image,
-            INIT_SIZE,
-            image.getWidth() as i32 / 2,
-            image.getHeight() as i32 / 2,
-        )
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param image barcode image to find a rectangle in
-     * @param initSize initial size of search area around center
-     * @param x x position of search center
-     * @param y y position of search center
-     * @throws NotFoundException if image is too small to accommodate {@code initSize}
-     */
-    pub fn new(
-        image: &BitMatrix,
-        initSize: i32,
-        x: i32,
-        y: i32,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
-        
-        let halfsize = initSize / 2;
-
-        let leftInit = x - halfsize;
-        let rightInit = x + halfsize;
-        let upInit = y - halfsize;
-        let downInit = y + halfsize;
-
-        if upInit < 0
-            || leftInit < 0
-            || downInit >= image.getHeight() as i32
-            || rightInit >= image.getWidth() as i32
-        {
-            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self{
-            image: image.clone(),
-            height: image.getHeight() as i32,
-            width: image.getWidth() as i32,
-            leftInit: leftInit,
-            rightInit: rightInit,
-            downInit: downInit,
-            upInit: upInit,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * <p>
-     * Detects a candidate barcode-like rectangular region within an image. It
-     * starts around the center of the image, increases the size of the candidate
-     * region until it finds a white rectangular region.
-     * </p>
-     *
-     * @return {@link RXingResultPoint}[] describing the corners of the rectangular
-     *         region. The first and last points are opposed on the diagonal, as
-     *         are the second and third. The first point will be the topmost
-     *         point and the last, the bottommost. The second point will be
-     *         leftmost and the third, the rightmost
-     * @throws NotFoundException if no Data Matrix Code can be found
-     */
-    pub fn detect(&self) -> Result<Vec<RXingResultPoint>, Exceptions> {
-        let mut left: i32 = self.leftInit;
-        let mut right: i32 = self.rightInit;
-        let mut up: i32 = self.upInit;
-        let mut down: i32 = self.downInit;
-        let mut size_exceeded = false;
-        let mut a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
-
-        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right = false;
-        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom = false;
-        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left = false;
-        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top = false;
-
-        while a_black_point_found_on_border {
-            a_black_point_found_on_border = false;
-
-            // .....
-            // .   |
-            // .....
-            let mut right_border_not_white = true;
-            while (right_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right) && right < self.width {
-                right_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(up, down, right, false);
-                if right_border_not_white {
-                    right += 1;
-                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
-                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right = true;
-                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right {
-                    right += 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if right >= self.width {
-                size_exceeded = true;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // .....
-            // .   .
-            // .___.
-            let mut bottom_border_not_white = true;
-            while (bottom_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom) && down < self.height
-            {
-                bottom_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(left, right, down, true);
-                if bottom_border_not_white {
-                    down += 1;
-                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
-                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom = true;
-                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom {
-                    down += 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if down >= self.height {
-                size_exceeded = true;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // .....
-            // |   .
-            // .....
-            let mut left_border_not_white = true;
-            while (left_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left) && left >= 0 {
-                left_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(up, down, left, false);
-                if left_border_not_white {
-                    left -= 1;
-                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
-                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left = true;
-                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left {
-                    left -= 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if left < 0 {
-                size_exceeded = true;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // .___.
-            // .   .
-            // .....
-            let mut top_border_not_white = true;
-            while (top_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top) && up >= 0 {
-                top_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(left, right, up, true);
-                if top_border_not_white {
-                    up -= 1;
-                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
-                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top = true;
-                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top {
-                    up -= 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if up < 0 {
-                size_exceeded = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !size_exceeded {
-            let max_size = right - left;
-
-            let mut z: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
-            let mut i = 1;
-            while z.is_none() && i < max_size {
-                //for (int i = 1; z == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
-                z = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
-                    left as f32,
-                    (down - i) as f32,
-                    (left + i) as f32,
-                    down as f32,
-                );
-                i += 1;
-            }
-
-            if z.is_none() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-            }
-
-            let mut t: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
-            //go down right
-            let mut i = 1;
-            while t.is_none() && i < max_size {
-                //for (int i = 1; t == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
-                t = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
-                    left as f32,
-                    (up + i) as f32,
-                    (left + i) as f32,
-                    up as f32,
-                );
-                i += 1;
-            }
-
-            if t.is_none() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-            }
-
-            let mut x: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
-            //go down left
-            let mut i = 1;
-            while x.is_none() && i < max_size {
-                //for (int i = 1; x == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
-                x = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
-                    right as f32,
-                    (up + i) as f32,
-                    (right - i) as f32,
-                    up as f32,
-                );
-                i += 1;
-            }
-
-            if x.is_none() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-            }
-
-            let mut y: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
-            //go up left
-            let mut i = 1;
-            while y.is_none() && i < max_size {
-                //for (int i = 1; y == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
-                y = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
-                    right as f32,
-                    (down - i) as f32,
-                    (right - i) as f32,
-                    down as f32,
-                );
-                i += 1;
-            }
-
-            if y.is_none() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-            }
-
-            return Ok(self.center_edges(&y.unwrap(), &z.unwrap(), &x.unwrap(), &t.unwrap()));
-        } else {
-            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn get_black_point_on_segment(
-        &self,
-        a_x: f32,
-        a_y: f32,
-        b_x: f32,
-        b_y: f32,
-    ) -> Option<RXingResultPoint> {
-        let dist = MathUtils::round(MathUtils::distance_float(a_x, a_y, b_x, b_y));
-        let x_step: f32 = (b_x - a_x) / dist as f32;
-        let y_step: f32 = (b_y - a_y) / dist as f32;
-
-        for i in 0..dist {
-            let x = MathUtils::round(a_x + i as f32 * x_step);
-            let y = MathUtils::round(a_y + i as f32 * y_step);
-            if self.image.get(x as u32, y as u32) {
-                return Some(RXingResultPoint::new(x as f32, y as f32));
-            }
-        }
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * recenters the points of a constant distance towards the center
-     *
-     * @param y bottom most point
-     * @param z left most point
-     * @param x right most point
-     * @param t top most point
-     * @return {@link RXingResultPoint}[] describing the corners of the rectangular
-     *         region. The first and last points are opposed on the diagonal, as
-     *         are the second and third. The first point will be the topmost
-     *         point and the last, the bottommost. The second point will be
-     *         leftmost and the third, the rightmost
-     */
-    fn center_edges(
-        &self,
-        y: &RXingResultPoint,
-        z: &RXingResultPoint,
-        x: &RXingResultPoint,
-        t: &RXingResultPoint,
-    ) -> Vec<RXingResultPoint> {
-        //
-        //       t            t
-        //  z                      x
-        //        x    OR    z
-        //   y                    y
-        //
-
-        let yi = y.getX();
-        let yj = y.getY();
-        let zi = z.getX();
-        let zj = z.getY();
-        let xi = x.getX();
-        let xj = x.getY();
-        let ti = t.getX();
-        let tj = t.getY();
-
-        if yi < self.width as f32 / 2.0f32 {
-            return vec![
-                RXingResultPoint::new(ti - CORR as f32, tj + CORR as f32),
-                RXingResultPoint::new(zi + CORR as f32, zj + CORR as f32),
-                RXingResultPoint::new(xi - CORR as f32, xj - CORR as f32),
-                RXingResultPoint::new(yi + CORR as f32, yj - CORR as f32),
-            ];
-        } else {
-            return vec![
-                RXingResultPoint::new(ti + CORR as f32, tj + CORR as f32),
-                RXingResultPoint::new(zi + CORR as f32, zj - CORR as f32),
-                RXingResultPoint::new(xi - CORR as f32, xj + CORR as f32),
-                RXingResultPoint::new(yi - CORR as f32, yj - CORR as f32),
-            ];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determines whether a segment contains a black point
-     *
-     * @param a          min value of the scanned coordinate
-     * @param b          max value of the scanned coordinate
-     * @param fixed      value of fixed coordinate
-     * @param horizontal set to true if scan must be horizontal, false if vertical
-     * @return true if a black point has been found, else false.
-     */
-    fn contains_black_point(&self, a: i32, b: i32, fixed: i32, horizontal: bool) -> bool {
-        if horizontal {
-            for x in a..=b {
-                if self.image.get(x as u32, fixed as u32) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            for y in a..=b {
-                if self.image.get(fixed as u32, y as u32) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-}
+mod white_rectangle_detector;
+pub use white_rectangle_detector::*;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/detector/monochrome_rectangle_detector.rs b/src/common/detector/monochrome_rectangle_detector.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d856e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/detector/monochrome_rectangle_detector.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common.detector;
+
+use crate::{Exceptions, RXingResultPoint, common::BitMatrix, ResultPoint};
+
+/**
+ * <p>A somewhat generic detector that looks for a barcode-like rectangular region within an image.
+ * It looks within a mostly white region of an image for a region of black and white, but mostly
+ * black. It returns the four corners of the region, as best it can determine.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ * @deprecated without replacement since 3.3.0
+ */
+const MAX_MODULES: i32 = 32;
+#[deprecated]
+pub struct MonochromeRectangleDetector {
+    image: BitMatrix,
+}
+
+impl MonochromeRectangleDetector {
+    pub fn new(image: &BitMatrix) -> Self {
+        Self { image: image.clone() }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Detects a rectangular region of black and white -- mostly black -- with a region of mostly
+     * white, in an image.</p>
+     *
+     * @return {@link RXingResultPoint}[] describing the corners of the rectangular region. The first and
+     *  last points are opposed on the diagonal, as are the second and third. The first point will be
+     *  the topmost point and the last, the bottommost. The second point will be leftmost and the
+     *  third, the rightmost
+     * @throws NotFoundException if no Data Matrix Code can be found
+     */
+    pub fn detect(&self) -> Result<Vec<RXingResultPoint>, Exceptions> {
+        let height = self.image.getHeight() as i32;
+        let width = self.image.getWidth() as i32;
+        let halfHeight= height / 2;
+        let halfWidth = width / 2;
+        let deltaY = 1.max(height as i32 / (MAX_MODULES * 8));
+        let deltaX = 1.max(width as i32 / (MAX_MODULES * 8));
+
+        let mut top = 0;
+        let mut bottom = height;
+        let mut left = 0;
+        let mut right = width;
+        let mut pointA = self.findCornerFromCenter(
+            halfWidth,
+            0,
+            left,
+            right,
+            halfHeight,
+            -deltaY,
+            top,
+            bottom,
+            halfWidth / 2,
+        )?;
+        top = (pointA.getY() - 1f32) as i32;
+        let pointB = self.findCornerFromCenter(
+            halfWidth,
+            -deltaX,
+            left,
+            right,
+            halfHeight,
+            0,
+            top,
+            bottom,
+            halfHeight / 2,
+        )?;
+        left = (pointB.getX() - 1f32) as i32;
+        let pointC = self.findCornerFromCenter(
+            halfWidth,
+            deltaX,
+            left,
+            right,
+            halfHeight,
+            0,
+            top,
+            bottom,
+            halfHeight / 2,
+        )?;
+        right = (pointC.getX() + 1f32) as i32;
+        let pointD = self.findCornerFromCenter(
+            halfWidth,
+            0,
+            left,
+            right,
+            halfHeight,
+            deltaY,
+            top,
+            bottom,
+            halfWidth / 2,
+        )?;
+        bottom = (pointD.getY() + 1f32) as i32;
+
+        // Go try to find point A again with better information -- might have been off at first.
+        pointA = self.findCornerFromCenter(
+            halfWidth,
+            0,
+            left,
+            right,
+            halfHeight,
+            -deltaY,
+            top,
+            bottom,
+            halfWidth / 4,
+        )?;
+
+        return Ok(vec![pointA, pointB, pointC, pointD]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to locate a corner of the barcode by scanning up, down, left or right from a center
+     * point which should be within the barcode.
+     *
+     * @param centerX center's x component (horizontal)
+     * @param deltaX same as deltaY but change in x per step instead
+     * @param left minimum value of x
+     * @param right maximum value of x
+     * @param centerY center's y component (vertical)
+     * @param deltaY change in y per step. If scanning up this is negative; down, positive;
+     *  left or right, 0
+     * @param top minimum value of y to search through (meaningless when di == 0)
+     * @param bottom maximum value of y
+     * @param maxWhiteRun maximum run of white pixels that can still be considered to be within
+     *  the barcode
+     * @return a {@link RXingResultPoint} encapsulating the corner that was found
+     * @throws NotFoundException if such a point cannot be found
+     */
+    fn findCornerFromCenter(
+        &self,
+        centerX: i32,
+        deltaX: i32,
+        left: i32,
+        right: i32,
+        centerY: i32,
+        deltaY: i32,
+        top: i32,
+        bottom: i32,
+        maxWhiteRun: i32,
+    ) -> Result<RXingResultPoint, Exceptions> {
+        let mut lastRange_z: Option<Vec<i32>> = None;
+        let mut y: i32 = centerY;
+        let mut x: i32 = centerX;
+        while y < bottom && y >= top && x < right && x >= left {
+            let range: Option<Vec<i32>>;
+            if deltaX == 0 {
+                // horizontal slices, up and down
+                range = self.blackWhiteRange(y, maxWhiteRun, left, right, true);
+            } else {
+                // vertical slices, left and right
+                range = self.blackWhiteRange(x, maxWhiteRun, top, bottom, false);
+            }
+            if range.is_none() {
+                if let Some(lastRange) = lastRange_z {
+                // lastRange was found
+                if deltaX == 0 {
+                    let lastY = y - deltaY;
+                    if lastRange[0] < centerX {
+                        if lastRange[1] > centerX {
+                            // straddle, choose one or the other based on direction
+                            return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
+                                lastRange[if deltaY > 0 { 0 } else { 1 }] as f32,
+                                lastY as f32,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
+                            lastRange[0] as f32,
+                            lastY as f32,
+                        ));
+                    } else {
+                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
+                            lastRange[1] as f32,
+                            lastY as f32,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let lastX = x - deltaX;
+                    if lastRange[0] < centerY {
+                        if lastRange[1] > centerY {
+                            return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
+                                lastX as f32,
+                                lastRange[if deltaX < 0 { 0 } else { 1 }] as f32,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
+                            lastX as f32,
+                            lastRange[0] as f32,
+                        ));
+                    } else {
+                        return Ok(RXingResultPoint::new(
+                            lastX as f32,
+                            lastRange[1] as f32,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }}else {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+            }
+            lastRange_z = range;
+            y += deltaY;
+            x += deltaX
+        }
+        return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the start and end of a region of pixels, either horizontally or vertically, that could
+     * be part of a Data Matrix barcode.
+     *
+     * @param fixedDimension if scanning horizontally, this is the row (the fixed vertical location)
+     *  where we are scanning. If scanning vertically it's the column, the fixed horizontal location
+     * @param maxWhiteRun largest run of white pixels that can still be considered part of the
+     *  barcode region
+     * @param minDim minimum pixel location, horizontally or vertically, to consider
+     * @param maxDim maximum pixel location, horizontally or vertically, to consider
+     * @param horizontal if true, we're scanning left-right, instead of up-down
+     * @return int[] with start and end of found range, or null if no such range is found
+     *  (e.g. only white was found)
+     */
+    fn blackWhiteRange(
+        &self,
+        fixedDimension: i32,
+        maxWhiteRun: i32,
+        minDim: i32,
+        maxDim: i32,
+        horizontal: bool,
+    ) -> Option<Vec<i32>> {
+        let center = (minDim + maxDim) / 2;
+
+        // Scan left/up first
+        let mut start = center;
+        while (start >= minDim) {
+            if if horizontal {
+                self.image.get(start as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
+            } else {
+                self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, start as u32)
+            } {
+                start = start - 1;
+            } else {
+                let whiteRunStart = start;
+                start = start - 1;
+                while start >= minDim
+                    && !(if horizontal {
+                        self.image.get(start as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
+                    } else {
+                        self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, start as u32)
+                    })
+                {
+                    start = start - 1;
+                }
+                let whiteRunSize = whiteRunStart - start;
+                if start < minDim || whiteRunSize > maxWhiteRun {
+                    start = whiteRunStart;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        start = start + 1;
+
+        // Then try right/down
+        let mut end = center;
+        while (end < maxDim) {
+            if if horizontal {
+                self.image.get(end as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
+            } else {
+                self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, end as u32)
+            } {
+                end = end + 1;
+            } else {
+                let whiteRunStart = end;
+                end = end + 1;
+                while end < maxDim
+                    && !(if horizontal {
+                        self.image.get(end as u32, fixedDimension as u32)
+                    } else {
+                        self.image.get(fixedDimension as u32, end as u32)
+                    })
+                {
+                    end = end + 1;
+                }
+                let whiteRunSize = end - whiteRunStart;
+                if end >= maxDim || whiteRunSize > maxWhiteRun {
+                    end = whiteRunStart;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        end = end - 1;
+
+        return if end > start {
+            Some(vec![start, end])
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/detector/white_rectangle_detector.rs b/src/common/detector/white_rectangle_detector.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9cd1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/detector/white_rectangle_detector.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common.detector;
+
+use crate::{RXingResultPoint, Exceptions, common::BitMatrix, ResultPoint};
+
+use super::MathUtils;
+
+/**
+ * <p>
+ * Detects a candidate barcode-like rectangular region within an image. It
+ * starts around the center of the image, increases the size of the candidate
+ * region until it finds a white rectangular region. By keeping track of the
+ * last black points it encountered, it determines the corners of the barcode.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author David Olivier
+ */
+const INIT_SIZE: i32 = 10;
+const CORR: i32 = 1;
+pub struct WhiteRectangleDetector {
+    image: BitMatrix,
+    height: i32,
+    width: i32,
+    leftInit: i32,
+    rightInit: i32,
+    downInit: i32,
+    upInit: i32,
+}
+
+impl WhiteRectangleDetector {
+    pub fn new_from_image(image: &BitMatrix) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
+        Self::new(
+            image,
+            INIT_SIZE,
+            image.getWidth() as i32 / 2,
+            image.getHeight() as i32 / 2,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param image barcode image to find a rectangle in
+     * @param initSize initial size of search area around center
+     * @param x x position of search center
+     * @param y y position of search center
+     * @throws NotFoundException if image is too small to accommodate {@code initSize}
+     */
+    pub fn new(
+        image: &BitMatrix,
+        initSize: i32,
+        x: i32,
+        y: i32,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
+        
+        let halfsize = initSize / 2;
+
+        let leftInit = x - halfsize;
+        let rightInit = x + halfsize;
+        let upInit = y - halfsize;
+        let downInit = y + halfsize;
+
+        if upInit < 0
+            || leftInit < 0
+            || downInit >= image.getHeight() as i32
+            || rightInit >= image.getWidth() as i32
+        {
+            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self{
+            image: image.clone(),
+            height: image.getHeight() as i32,
+            width: image.getWidth() as i32,
+            leftInit: leftInit,
+            rightInit: rightInit,
+            downInit: downInit,
+            upInit: upInit,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * Detects a candidate barcode-like rectangular region within an image. It
+     * starts around the center of the image, increases the size of the candidate
+     * region until it finds a white rectangular region.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @return {@link RXingResultPoint}[] describing the corners of the rectangular
+     *         region. The first and last points are opposed on the diagonal, as
+     *         are the second and third. The first point will be the topmost
+     *         point and the last, the bottommost. The second point will be
+     *         leftmost and the third, the rightmost
+     * @throws NotFoundException if no Data Matrix Code can be found
+     */
+    pub fn detect(&self) -> Result<Vec<RXingResultPoint>, Exceptions> {
+        let mut left: i32 = self.leftInit;
+        let mut right: i32 = self.rightInit;
+        let mut up: i32 = self.upInit;
+        let mut down: i32 = self.downInit;
+        let mut size_exceeded = false;
+        let mut a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
+
+        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right = false;
+        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom = false;
+        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left = false;
+        let mut at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top = false;
+
+        while a_black_point_found_on_border {
+            a_black_point_found_on_border = false;
+
+            // .....
+            // .   |
+            // .....
+            let mut right_border_not_white = true;
+            while (right_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right) && right < self.width {
+                right_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(up, down, right, false);
+                if right_border_not_white {
+                    right += 1;
+                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
+                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right = true;
+                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_right {
+                    right += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if right >= self.width {
+                size_exceeded = true;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // .....
+            // .   .
+            // .___.
+            let mut bottom_border_not_white = true;
+            while (bottom_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom) && down < self.height
+            {
+                bottom_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(left, right, down, true);
+                if bottom_border_not_white {
+                    down += 1;
+                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
+                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom = true;
+                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_bottom {
+                    down += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if down >= self.height {
+                size_exceeded = true;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // .....
+            // |   .
+            // .....
+            let mut left_border_not_white = true;
+            while (left_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left) && left >= 0 {
+                left_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(up, down, left, false);
+                if left_border_not_white {
+                    left -= 1;
+                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
+                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left = true;
+                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_left {
+                    left -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if left < 0 {
+                size_exceeded = true;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // .___.
+            // .   .
+            // .....
+            let mut top_border_not_white = true;
+            while (top_border_not_white || !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top) && up >= 0 {
+                top_border_not_white = self.contains_black_point(left, right, up, true);
+                if top_border_not_white {
+                    up -= 1;
+                    a_black_point_found_on_border = true;
+                    at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top = true;
+                } else if !at_least_one_black_point_found_on_top {
+                    up -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if up < 0 {
+                size_exceeded = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !size_exceeded {
+            let max_size = right - left;
+
+            let mut z: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
+            let mut i = 1;
+            while z.is_none() && i < max_size {
+                //for (int i = 1; z == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
+                z = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
+                    left as f32,
+                    (down - i) as f32,
+                    (left + i) as f32,
+                    down as f32,
+                );
+                i += 1;
+            }
+
+            if z.is_none() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+            }
+
+            let mut t: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
+            //go down right
+            let mut i = 1;
+            while t.is_none() && i < max_size {
+                //for (int i = 1; t == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
+                t = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
+                    left as f32,
+                    (up + i) as f32,
+                    (left + i) as f32,
+                    up as f32,
+                );
+                i += 1;
+            }
+
+            if t.is_none() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+            }
+
+            let mut x: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
+            //go down left
+            let mut i = 1;
+            while x.is_none() && i < max_size {
+                //for (int i = 1; x == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
+                x = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
+                    right as f32,
+                    (up + i) as f32,
+                    (right - i) as f32,
+                    up as f32,
+                );
+                i += 1;
+            }
+
+            if x.is_none() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+            }
+
+            let mut y: Option<RXingResultPoint> = None;
+            //go up left
+            let mut i = 1;
+            while y.is_none() && i < max_size {
+                //for (int i = 1; y == null && i < maxSize; i++) {
+                y = self.get_black_point_on_segment(
+                    right as f32,
+                    (down - i) as f32,
+                    (right - i) as f32,
+                    down as f32,
+                );
+                i += 1;
+            }
+
+            if y.is_none() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+            }
+
+            return Ok(self.center_edges(&y.unwrap(), &z.unwrap(), &x.unwrap(), &t.unwrap()));
+        } else {
+            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("".to_owned()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_black_point_on_segment(
+        &self,
+        a_x: f32,
+        a_y: f32,
+        b_x: f32,
+        b_y: f32,
+    ) -> Option<RXingResultPoint> {
+        let dist = MathUtils::round(MathUtils::distance_float(a_x, a_y, b_x, b_y));
+        let x_step: f32 = (b_x - a_x) / dist as f32;
+        let y_step: f32 = (b_y - a_y) / dist as f32;
+
+        for i in 0..dist {
+            let x = MathUtils::round(a_x + i as f32 * x_step);
+            let y = MathUtils::round(a_y + i as f32 * y_step);
+            if self.image.get(x as u32, y as u32) {
+                return Some(RXingResultPoint::new(x as f32, y as f32));
+            }
+        }
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * recenters the points of a constant distance towards the center
+     *
+     * @param y bottom most point
+     * @param z left most point
+     * @param x right most point
+     * @param t top most point
+     * @return {@link RXingResultPoint}[] describing the corners of the rectangular
+     *         region. The first and last points are opposed on the diagonal, as
+     *         are the second and third. The first point will be the topmost
+     *         point and the last, the bottommost. The second point will be
+     *         leftmost and the third, the rightmost
+     */
+    fn center_edges(
+        &self,
+        y: &RXingResultPoint,
+        z: &RXingResultPoint,
+        x: &RXingResultPoint,
+        t: &RXingResultPoint,
+    ) -> Vec<RXingResultPoint> {
+        //
+        //       t            t
+        //  z                      x
+        //        x    OR    z
+        //   y                    y
+        //
+
+        let yi = y.getX();
+        let yj = y.getY();
+        let zi = z.getX();
+        let zj = z.getY();
+        let xi = x.getX();
+        let xj = x.getY();
+        let ti = t.getX();
+        let tj = t.getY();
+
+        if yi < self.width as f32 / 2.0f32 {
+            return vec![
+                RXingResultPoint::new(ti - CORR as f32, tj + CORR as f32),
+                RXingResultPoint::new(zi + CORR as f32, zj + CORR as f32),
+                RXingResultPoint::new(xi - CORR as f32, xj - CORR as f32),
+                RXingResultPoint::new(yi + CORR as f32, yj - CORR as f32),
+            ];
+        } else {
+            return vec![
+                RXingResultPoint::new(ti + CORR as f32, tj + CORR as f32),
+                RXingResultPoint::new(zi + CORR as f32, zj - CORR as f32),
+                RXingResultPoint::new(xi - CORR as f32, xj + CORR as f32),
+                RXingResultPoint::new(yi - CORR as f32, yj - CORR as f32),
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether a segment contains a black point
+     *
+     * @param a          min value of the scanned coordinate
+     * @param b          max value of the scanned coordinate
+     * @param fixed      value of fixed coordinate
+     * @param horizontal set to true if scan must be horizontal, false if vertical
+     * @return true if a black point has been found, else false.
+     */
+    fn contains_black_point(&self, a: i32, b: i32, fixed: i32, horizontal: bool) -> bool {
+        if horizontal {
+            for x in a..=b {
+                if self.image.get(x as u32, fixed as u32) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            for y in a..=b {
+                if self.image.get(fixed as u32, y as u32) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/common/eci_encoder_set.rs b/src/common/eci_encoder_set.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c10cce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/eci_encoder_set.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+// import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+// import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+// import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
+// import java.util.ArrayList;
+// import java.util.List;
+
+use encoding::{EncodingRef, Encoding};
+use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+
+use super::CharacterSetECI;
+
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref ENCODERS : Vec<EncodingRef> = {
+        let mut enc_vec = Vec::new();
+        for name in NAMES {
+            if let Some(enc) = CharacterSetECI::getCharacterSetECIByName(name) {
+                // try {
+                    enc_vec.push(CharacterSetECI::getCharset(&enc));
+                // } catch (UnsupportedCharsetException e) {
+                // continue
+                // }
+            }
+        }
+        enc_vec
+    };
+}
+const NAMES: [&str; 20] = [
+    "IBM437",
+    "ISO-8859-2",
+    "ISO-8859-3",
+    "ISO-8859-4",
+    "ISO-8859-5",
+    "ISO-8859-6",
+    "ISO-8859-7",
+    "ISO-8859-8",
+    "ISO-8859-9",
+    "ISO-8859-10",
+    "ISO-8859-11",
+    "ISO-8859-13",
+    "ISO-8859-14",
+    "ISO-8859-15",
+    "ISO-8859-16",
+    "windows-1250",
+    "windows-1251",
+    "windows-1252",
+    "windows-1256",
+    "Shift_JIS",
+];
+
+/**
+ * Set of CharsetEncoders for a given input string
+ *
+ * Invariants:
+ * - The list contains only encoders from CharacterSetECI (list is shorter then the list of encoders available on
+ *   the platform for which ECI values are defined).
+ * - The list contains encoders at least one encoder for every character in the input.
+ * - The first encoder in the list is always the ISO-8859-1 encoder even of no character in the input can be encoded
+ *       by it.
+ * - If the input contains a character that is not in ISO-8859-1 then the last two entries in the list will be the
+ *   UTF-8 encoder and the UTF-16BE encoder.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Geller
+ */
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ECIEncoderSet {
+    encoders: Vec<EncodingRef>,
+    priorityEncoderIndex: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+impl ECIEncoderSet {
+    /**
+     * Constructs an encoder set
+     *
+     * @param stringToEncode the string that needs to be encoded
+     * @param priorityCharset The preferred {@link Charset} or null.
+     * @param fnc1 fnc1 denotes the character in the input that represents the FNC1 character or -1 for a non-GS1 bar
+     * code. When specified, it is considered an error to pass it as argument to the methods canEncode() or encode().
+     */
+    pub fn new(
+        stringToEncodeMain: &str,
+        priorityCharset: Option<EncodingRef>,
+        fnc1: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // List of encoders that potentially encode characters not in ISO-8859-1 in one byte.
+
+        let mut encoders: Vec<EncodingRef>;
+        let mut priorityEncoderIndexValue = None;
+
+        let mut neededEncoders: Vec<EncodingRef> = Vec::new();
+
+        let stringToEncode = stringToEncodeMain.graphemes(true).collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+
+        //we always need the ISO-8859-1 encoder. It is the default encoding
+        neededEncoders.push(encoding::all::ISO_8859_1);
+        let mut needUnicodeEncoder = if let Some(pc) = priorityCharset {
+            pc.name().starts_with("UTF")
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+
+        //Walk over the input string and see if all characters can be encoded with the list of encoders
+        for i in 0..stringToEncode.len() {
+            // for (int i = 0; i < stringToEncode.length(); i++) {
+            let mut canEncode = false;
+            for encoder in &neededEncoders {
+                //   for (CharsetEncoder encoder : neededEncoders) {
+                let c = stringToEncode.get(i).unwrap();
+                if (fnc1.is_some() && c == fnc1.as_ref().unwrap())
+                    || encoder.encode(c, encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict).is_ok()
+                {
+                    canEncode = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if !canEncode {
+                //for the character at position i we don't yet have an encoder in the list
+                for i_encoder in 0..ENCODERS.len() {
+                    // for encoder in ENCODERS {
+                    let encoder = ENCODERS.get(i_encoder).unwrap();
+                    // for (CharsetEncoder encoder : ENCODERS) {
+                    if encoder
+                        .encode(
+                            &stringToEncode.get(i).unwrap(),
+                            encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict,
+                        )
+                        .is_ok()
+                    {
+                        //Good, we found an encoder that can encode the character. We add him to the list and continue scanning
+                        //the input
+                        neededEncoders.push(*encoder);
+                        canEncode = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !canEncode {
+                //The character is not encodeable by any of the single byte encoders so we remember that we will need a
+                //Unicode encoder.
+                needUnicodeEncoder = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if neededEncoders.len() == 1 && !needUnicodeEncoder {
+            //the entire input can be encoded by the ISO-8859-1 encoder
+            encoders = vec![encoding::all::ISO_8859_1];
+        } else {
+            // we need more than one single byte encoder or we need a Unicode encoder.
+            // In this case we append a UTF-8 and UTF-16 encoder to the list
+            //   encoders = [] new CharsetEncoder[neededEncoders.size() + 2];
+            encoders = Vec::new();
+            let index = 0;
+
+            for encoder in neededEncoders {
+                //   for (CharsetEncoder encoder : neededEncoders) {
+                //encoders[index++] = encoder;
+                encoders.push(encoder);
+            }
+
+            encoders.push(encoding::all::UTF_8);
+            encoders.push(encoding::all::UTF_16BE);
+        }
+
+        //Compute priorityEncoderIndex by looking up priorityCharset in encoders
+        // if priorityCharset != null {
+        if priorityCharset.is_some() {
+            for i in 0..encoders.len() {
+                //   for (int i = 0; i < encoders.length; i++) {
+                if priorityCharset.as_ref().unwrap().name() == encoders[i].name() {
+                    priorityEncoderIndexValue = Some(i);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // }
+        //invariants
+        assert_eq!(encoders[0].name(), encoding::all::ISO_8859_1.name());
+        Self {
+            encoders: encoders,
+            priorityEncoderIndex: priorityEncoderIndexValue,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.encoders.len();
+    }
+
+    pub fn getCharsetName(&self, index: usize) -> &'static str {
+        assert!(index < self.len());
+        return self.encoders[index].name();
+    }
+
+    pub fn getCharset(&self, index: usize) -> EncodingRef {
+        assert!(index < self.len());
+        return self.encoders[index];
+    }
+
+    pub fn getECIValue(&self, encoderIndex: usize) -> u32 {
+        CharacterSetECI::getValue(
+            &CharacterSetECI::getCharacterSetECI(self.encoders[encoderIndex]).unwrap(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /*
+     *  returns -1 if no priority charset was defined
+     */
+    pub fn getPriorityEncoderIndex(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.priorityEncoderIndex
+    }
+
+    pub fn canEncode(&self, c: &str, encoderIndex: usize) -> bool {
+        assert!(encoderIndex < self.len());
+        let encoder = self.encoders[encoderIndex];
+        let enc_data = encoder.encode(c, encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict);
+
+        enc_data.is_ok()
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode_char(&self, c: &str, encoderIndex: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        assert!(encoderIndex < self.len());
+        let encoder = self.encoders[encoderIndex];
+        let enc_data = encoder.encode(&c.to_string(), encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict);
+        assert!(enc_data.is_ok());
+        return enc_data.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode_string(&self, s: &str, encoderIndex: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        assert!(encoderIndex < self.len());
+        let encoder = self.encoders[encoderIndex];
+        encoder.encode(s, encoding::EncoderTrap::Replace).unwrap()
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/eci_input.rs b/src/common/eci_input.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b84db68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/eci_input.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+/**
+ * Interface to navigate a sequence of ECIs and bytes.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Geller
+ */
+pub trait ECIInput {
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of this input.  The length is the number
+     * of {@code byte}s in or ECIs in the sequence.
+     *
+     * @return  the number of {@code char}s in this sequence
+     */
+    fn length(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code byte} value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
+     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
+     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
+     * indexing.
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the {@code byte} value to be returned
+     *
+     * @return  the specified {@code byte} value as character or the FNC1 character
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is an ECI (@see #isECI)
+     */
+    fn charAt(&self, index: usize) -> Result<char, Exceptions>;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code CharSequence} that is a subsequence of this sequence.
+     * The subsequence starts with the {@code char} value at the specified index and
+     * ends with the {@code char} value at index {@code end - 1}.  The length
+     * (in {@code char}s) of the
+     * returned sequence is {@code end - start}, so if {@code start == end}
+     * then an empty sequence is returned.
+     *
+     * @param   start   the start index, inclusive
+     * @param   end     the end index, exclusive
+     *
+     * @return  the specified subsequence
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if {@code start} or {@code end} are negative,
+     *          if {@code end} is greater than {@code length()},
+     *          or if {@code start} is greater than {@code end}
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if a value in the range {@code start}-{@code end} is an ECI (@see #isECI)
+     */
+    fn subSequence(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Result<Vec<char>, Exceptions>;
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a value is an ECI
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the value
+     *
+     * @return  true if the value at position {@code index} is an ECI
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     */
+    fn isECI(&self, index: u32) -> Result<bool, Exceptions>;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code int} ECI value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
+     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
+     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
+     * indexing.
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the {@code int} value to be returned
+     *
+     * @return  the specified {@code int} ECI value.
+     *          The ECI specified the encoding of all bytes with a higher index until the
+     *          next ECI or until the end of the input if no other ECI follows.
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is not an ECI (@see #isECI)
+     */
+    fn getECIValue(&self, index: usize) -> Result<u32, Exceptions>;
+    fn haveNCharacters(&self, index: usize, n: usize) -> bool;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/eci_string_builder.rs b/src/common/eci_string_builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b78fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/eci_string_builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import com.google.zxing.FormatException;
+
+// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+// import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use encoding::{EncodingRef, Encoding};
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::CharacterSetECI;
+
+/**
+ * Class that converts a sequence of ECIs and bytes into a string
+ *
+ * @author Alex Geller
+ */
+pub struct ECIStringBuilder {
+    current_bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    result: String,
+    current_charset: EncodingRef, //= StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1;
+}
+
+impl ECIStringBuilder {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            current_bytes: Vec::new(),
+            result: String::new(),
+            current_charset: encoding::all::UTF_8,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn with_capacity(initial_capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            current_bytes: Vec::with_capacity(initial_capacity),
+            result: String::new(),
+            current_charset: encoding::all::ISO_8859_1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends {@code value} as a byte value
+     *
+     * @param value character whose lowest byte is to be appended
+     */
+    pub fn append_char(&mut self, value: char) {
+        self.current_bytes.push(value as u8);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends {@code value} as a byte value
+     *
+     * @param value byte to append
+     */
+    pub fn append_byte(&mut self, value: u8) {
+        self.current_bytes.push(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the characters in {@code value} as bytes values
+     *
+     * @param value string to append
+     */
+    pub fn append_string(&mut self, value: &str) {
+        value.as_bytes().iter().map(|b| self.current_bytes.push(*b));
+        // self.current_bytes.push(value.as_bytes());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Append the string repesentation of {@code value} (short for {@code append(String.valueOf(value))})
+     *
+     * @param value int to append as a string
+     */
+    pub fn append(&mut self, value: i32) {
+        self.append_string(&format!("{}", value));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends ECI value to output.
+     *
+     * @param value ECI value to append, as an int
+     * @throws FormatException on invalid ECI value
+     */
+    pub fn appendECI(&mut self, value: u32) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny();
+        let character_set_eci = CharacterSetECI::getCharacterSetECIByValue(value)?;
+        // if (character_set_eci == null) {
+        //   throw FormatException.getFormatInstance();
+        // }
+        self.current_charset = CharacterSetECI::getCharset(&character_set_eci);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn encodeCurrentBytesIfAny(&mut self) {
+        if self.current_charset.name() == encoding::all::UTF_8.name() {
+            if !self.current_bytes.is_empty() {
+                // if result == null {
+                //   result = currentBytes;
+                //   currentBytes = new StringBuilder();
+                // } else {
+                self.result
+                    .push_str(&String::from_utf8(self.current_bytes.clone()).unwrap());
+                self.current_bytes.clear();
+                // }
+            }
+        } else if !self.current_bytes.is_empty() {
+            let bytes = self.current_bytes.clone();
+            self.current_bytes.clear();
+            //   if (result == null) {
+            //     result = new StringBuilder(new String(bytes, currentCharset));
+            //   } else {
+            let encoded_value = self
+                .current_charset
+                .decode(&bytes, encoding::DecoderTrap::Replace)
+                .unwrap();
+            self.result.push_str(&encoded_value);
+            //   }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the characters from {@code value} (unlike all other append methods of this class who append bytes)
+     *
+     * @param value characters to append
+     */
+    pub fn appendCharacters(&mut self, value: &str) {
+        self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny();
+        self.result.push_str(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Short for {@code toString().length()} (if possible, use {@link #isEmpty()} instead)
+     *
+     * @return length of string representation in characters
+     */
+    pub fn len(&mut self) -> usize {
+        self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny(); //return toString().length();
+        self.result.len()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true iff nothing has been appended
+     */
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        return self.current_bytes.is_empty() && self.result.is_empty();
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ECIStringBuilder {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        //self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny();
+        write!(f, "{}", self.result)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/global_histogram_binarizer.rs b/src/common/global_histogram_binarizer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..415b5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/global_histogram_binarizer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import com.google.zxing.Binarizer;
+// import com.google.zxing.LuminanceSource;
+// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
+
+use crate::{Exceptions, LuminanceSource, Binarizer};
+
+use super::{BitMatrix, BitArray};
+
+/**
+ * This Binarizer implementation uses the old ZXing global histogram approach. It is suitable
+ * for low-end mobile devices which don't have enough CPU or memory to use a local thresholding
+ * algorithm. However, because it picks a global black point, it cannot handle difficult shadows
+ * and gradients.
+ *
+ * Faster mobile devices and all desktop applications should probably use HybridBinarizer instead.
+ *
+ * @author dswitkin@google.com (Daniel Switkin)
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+pub struct GlobalHistogramBinarizer {
+    luminances: Vec<u8>,
+    buckets: Vec<u32>,
+    width: usize,
+    height: usize,
+    source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>,
+}
+
+impl Binarizer for GlobalHistogramBinarizer {
+    fn getLuminanceSource(&self) -> &Box<dyn LuminanceSource> {
+        &self.source
+    }
+
+    // Applies simple sharpening to the row data to improve performance of the 1D Readers.
+    fn getBlackRow(&self, y: usize, row: &mut BitArray) -> Result<BitArray, Exceptions> {
+        let source = self.getLuminanceSource();
+        let width = source.getWidth();
+        let mut row = if row.getSize() < width {
+            BitArray::with_size(width)
+        } else {
+            let mut z = row.clone();
+            z.clear();
+            z
+        };
+
+        // self.initArrays(width);
+        let localLuminances = source.getRow(y, &self.luminances);
+        let mut localBuckets = self.buckets.clone();
+        for x in 0..width {
+            // for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            localBuckets
+                [((localLuminances[x]) >> GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_SHIFT) as usize] += 1;
+        }
+        let blackPoint = self.estimateBlackPoint(&localBuckets)?;
+
+        if width < 3 {
+            // Special case for very small images
+            for x in 0..width {
+                //   for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+                if (localLuminances[x] as u32) < blackPoint {
+                    row.set(x);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            let mut left = localLuminances[0]; // & 0xff;
+            let mut center = localLuminances[1]; // & 0xff;
+            for x in 1..width - 1 {
+                //   for (int x = 1; x < width - 1; x++) {
+                let right = localLuminances[x + 1] & 0xff;
+                // A simple -1 4 -1 box filter with a weight of 2.
+                if ((center * 4) - left - right) as u32 / 2 < blackPoint {
+                    row.set(x);
+                }
+                left = center;
+                center = right;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(row)
+    }
+
+    // Does not sharpen the data, as this call is intended to only be used by 2D Readers.
+    fn getBlackMatrix(&self) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
+        let source = self.getLuminanceSource();
+        let width = source.getWidth();
+        let height = source.getHeight();
+        let mut matrix = BitMatrix::new(width as u32, height as u32)?;
+
+        // Quickly calculates the histogram by sampling four rows from the image. This proved to be
+        // more robust on the blackbox tests than sampling a diagonal as we used to do.
+        // self.initArrays(width);
+        let mut localBuckets = self.buckets.clone();
+        for y in 1..5 {
+            // for (int y = 1; y < 5; y++) {
+            let row = height * y / 5;
+            let localLuminances = source.getRow(row, &self.luminances);
+            let right = (width * 4) / 5;
+            let mut x = width / 5;
+            while x < right {
+                //   for (int x = width / 5; x < right; x++) {
+                let pixel = localLuminances[x];
+                localBuckets[(pixel >> GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_SHIFT) as usize] += 1;
+                x += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        let blackPoint = self.estimateBlackPoint(&localBuckets)?;
+
+        // We delay reading the entire image luminance until the black point estimation succeeds.
+        // Although we end up reading four rows twice, it is consistent with our motto of
+        // "fail quickly" which is necessary for continuous scanning.
+        let localLuminances = source.getMatrix();
+        for y in 0..height {
+            // for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            let offset = y * width;
+            for x in 0..width {
+                //   for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+                let pixel = localLuminances[offset + x] & 0xff;
+                if (pixel as u32) < blackPoint {
+                    matrix.set(x as u32, y as u32);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(matrix)
+    }
+
+    fn createBinarizer(&self, source: Box<dyn crate::LuminanceSource>) -> Box<dyn Binarizer> {
+        return Box::new(GlobalHistogramBinarizer::new(source));
+    }
+
+    fn getWidth(&self) -> usize {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    fn getHeight(&self) -> usize {
+        self.height
+    }
+}
+
+impl GlobalHistogramBinarizer {
+    const LUMINANCE_BITS: usize = 5;
+    const LUMINANCE_SHIFT: usize = 8 - GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BITS;
+    const LUMINANCE_BUCKETS: usize = 1 << GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BITS;
+    const EMPTY: [u8; 0] = [0; 0];
+
+    pub fn new(source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            luminances: vec![0; source.getWidth()],
+            buckets: vec![0; GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BUCKETS],
+            width: source.getWidth(),
+            height: source.getHeight(),
+            source: source,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // fn initArrays(&mut self, luminanceSize: usize) {
+    //     // if self.luminances.len() < luminanceSize {
+    //     //     self.luminances = ;
+    //     // }
+    //     // // for x in 0..GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BUCKETS {
+    //     //     // for (int x = 0; x < LUMINANCE_BUCKETS; x++) {
+    //     //     self.buckets[x] = 0;
+    //     // }
+    // }
+
+    fn estimateBlackPoint(&self, buckets: &[u32]) -> Result<u32, Exceptions> {
+        // Find the tallest peak in the histogram.
+        let numBuckets = buckets.len();
+        let mut maxBucketCount = 0;
+        let mut firstPeak = 0;
+        let mut firstPeakSize = 0;
+        for x in 0..numBuckets {
+            // for (int x = 0; x < numBuckets; x++) {
+            if buckets[x] > firstPeakSize {
+                firstPeak = x;
+                firstPeakSize = buckets[x];
+            }
+            if buckets[x] > maxBucketCount {
+                maxBucketCount = buckets[x];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Find the second-tallest peak which is somewhat far from the tallest peak.
+        let mut secondPeak = 0;
+        let mut secondPeakScore = 0;
+        for x in 0..numBuckets {
+            // for (int x = 0; x < numBuckets; x++) {
+            let distanceToBiggest = x - firstPeak;
+            // Encourage more distant second peaks by multiplying by square of distance.
+            let score = buckets[x] * distanceToBiggest as u32 * distanceToBiggest as u32;
+            if score > secondPeakScore {
+                secondPeak = x;
+                secondPeakScore = score;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Make sure firstPeak corresponds to the black peak.
+        if firstPeak > secondPeak {
+            let temp = firstPeak;
+            firstPeak = secondPeak;
+            secondPeak = temp;
+        }
+
+        // If there is too little contrast in the image to pick a meaningful black point, throw rather
+        // than waste time trying to decode the image, and risk false positives.
+        if secondPeak - firstPeak <= numBuckets / 16 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
+                "secondPeak - firstPeak <= numBuckets / 16 ".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Find a valley between them that is low and closer to the white peak.
+        let mut bestValley = secondPeak - 1;
+        let mut bestValleyScore = -1i32;
+        let mut x = secondPeak;
+        while x > firstPeak {
+            // for (int x = secondPeak - 1; x > firstPeak; x--) {
+            let fromFirst = x - firstPeak;
+            let score =
+                fromFirst * fromFirst * (secondPeak - x) * (maxBucketCount - buckets[x]) as usize;
+            if score as i32 > bestValleyScore {
+                bestValley = x;
+                bestValleyScore = score as i32;
+            }
+            x -= 1;
+        }
+
+        Ok((bestValley as u32) << GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_SHIFT)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/grid_sampler.rs b/src/common/grid_sampler.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b535a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/grid_sampler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{BitMatrix, PerspectiveTransform};
+
+/**
+ * Implementations of this class can, given locations of finder patterns for a QR code in an
+ * image, sample the right points in the image to reconstruct the QR code, accounting for
+ * perspective distortion. It is abstracted since it is relatively expensive and should be allowed
+ * to take advantage of platform-specific optimized implementations, like Sun's Java Advanced
+ * Imaging library, but which may not be available in other environments such as J2ME, and vice
+ * versa.
+ *
+ * The implementation used can be controlled by calling {@link #setGridSampler(GridSampler)}
+ * with an instance of a class which implements this interface.
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+
+pub trait GridSampler {
+    //   /**
+    //    * Sets the implementation of GridSampler used by the library. One global
+    //    * instance is stored, which may sound problematic. But, the implementation provided
+    //    * ought to be appropriate for the entire platform, and all uses of this library
+    //    * in the whole lifetime of the JVM. For instance, an Android activity can swap in
+    //    * an implementation that takes advantage of native platform libraries.
+    //    *
+    //    * @param newGridSampler The platform-specific object to install.
+    //    */
+    //   public static void setGridSampler(GridSampler newGridSampler) {
+    //     gridSampler = newGridSampler;
+    //   }
+
+    //   /**
+    //    * @return the current implementation of GridSampler
+    //    */
+    //   public static GridSampler getInstance() {
+    //     return gridSampler;
+    //   }
+
+    /**
+     * Samples an image for a rectangular matrix of bits of the given dimension. The sampling
+     * transformation is determined by the coordinates of 4 points, in the original and transformed
+     * image space.
+     *
+     * @param image image to sample
+     * @param dimensionX width of {@link BitMatrix} to sample from image
+     * @param dimensionY height of {@link BitMatrix} to sample from image
+     * @param p1ToX point 1 preimage X
+     * @param p1ToY point 1 preimage Y
+     * @param p2ToX point 2 preimage X
+     * @param p2ToY point 2 preimage Y
+     * @param p3ToX point 3 preimage X
+     * @param p3ToY point 3 preimage Y
+     * @param p4ToX point 4 preimage X
+     * @param p4ToY point 4 preimage Y
+     * @param p1FromX point 1 image X
+     * @param p1FromY point 1 image Y
+     * @param p2FromX point 2 image X
+     * @param p2FromY point 2 image Y
+     * @param p3FromX point 3 image X
+     * @param p3FromY point 3 image Y
+     * @param p4FromX point 4 image X
+     * @param p4FromY point 4 image Y
+     * @return {@link BitMatrix} representing a grid of points sampled from the image within a region
+     *   defined by the "from" parameters
+     * @throws NotFoundException if image can't be sampled, for example, if the transformation defined
+     *   by the given points is invalid or results in sampling outside the image boundaries
+     */
+    fn sample_grid_detailed(
+        &self,
+        image: &BitMatrix,
+        dimensionX: u32,
+        dimensionY: u32,
+        p1ToX: f32,
+        p1ToY: f32,
+        p2ToX: f32,
+        p2ToY: f32,
+        p3ToX: f32,
+        p3ToY: f32,
+        p4ToX: f32,
+        p4ToY: f32,
+        p1FromX: f32,
+        p1FromY: f32,
+        p2FromX: f32,
+        p2FromY: f32,
+        p3FromX: f32,
+        p3FromY: f32,
+        p4FromX: f32,
+        p4FromY: f32,
+    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions>;
+
+    fn sample_grid(
+        &self,
+        image: &BitMatrix,
+        dimensionX: u32,
+        dimensionY: u32,
+        transform: &PerspectiveTransform,
+    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions>;
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Checks a set of points that have been transformed to sample points on an image against
+     * the image's dimensions to see if the point are even within the image.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>This method will actually "nudge" the endpoints back onto the image if they are found to be
+     * barely (less than 1 pixel) off the image. This accounts for imperfect detection of finder
+     * patterns in an image where the QR Code runs all the way to the image border.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>For efficiency, the method will check points from either end of the line until one is found
+     * to be within the image. Because the set of points are assumed to be linear, this is valid.</p>
+     *
+     * @param image image into which the points should map
+     * @param points actual points in x1,y1,...,xn,yn form
+     * @throws NotFoundException if an endpoint is lies outside the image boundaries
+     */
+    fn checkAndNudgePoints(&self, image: &BitMatrix, points: &mut [f32]) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        let width = image.getWidth();
+        let height = image.getHeight();
+        // Check and nudge points from start until we see some that are OK:
+        let mut nudged = true;
+        let max_offset = points.len() - 1; // points.length must be even
+        let mut offset = 0;
+        while offset < max_offset && nudged {
+            // for (int offset = 0; offset < maxOffset && nudged; offset += 2) {
+            let x = points[offset] as i32;
+            let y = points[offset + 1] as i32;
+            if x < -1 || x > width.try_into().unwrap() || y < -1 || y > height.try_into().unwrap() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
+                    "getNotFoundInstance".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            nudged = false;
+            if x == -1 {
+                points[offset] = 0.0f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            } else if x == width.try_into().unwrap() {
+                points[offset] = width as f32 - 1f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            }
+            if y == -1 {
+                points[offset + 1] = 0.0f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            } else if (y == height.try_into().unwrap()) {
+                points[offset + 1] = height as f32 - 1f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            }
+            offset += 2;
+        }
+        // Check and nudge points from end:
+        nudged = true;
+        let mut offset = points.len() as isize - 2;
+        while offset >= 0 && nudged {
+            // for (int offset = points.length - 2; offset >= 0 && nudged; offset -= 2) {
+            let x = points[offset as usize] as i32;
+            let y = points[offset as usize + 1] as i32;
+            if x < -1 || x > width.try_into().unwrap() || y < -1 || y > height.try_into().unwrap() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
+                    "getNotFoundInstance".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            nudged = false;
+            if x == -1 {
+                points[offset as usize] = 0.0f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            } else if x == width.try_into().unwrap() {
+                points[offset as usize] = width as f32 - 1f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            }
+            if y == -1 {
+                points[offset as usize + 1] = 0.0f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            } else if y == height.try_into().unwrap() {
+                points[offset as usize + 1] = height as f32 - 1f32;
+                nudged = true;
+            }
+            offset += -2;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/hybrid_binarizer.rs b/src/common/hybrid_binarizer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62cfb0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/hybrid_binarizer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import com.google.zxing.Binarizer;
+// import com.google.zxing.LuminanceSource;
+// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
+
+use crate::{LuminanceSource, Binarizer, Exceptions};
+
+use super::{GlobalHistogramBinarizer, BitMatrix, BitArray};
+
+/**
+ * This class implements a local thresholding algorithm, which while slower than the
+ * GlobalHistogramBinarizer, is fairly efficient for what it does. It is designed for
+ * high frequency images of barcodes with black data on white backgrounds. For this application,
+ * it does a much better job than a global blackpoint with severe shadows and gradients.
+ * However it tends to produce artifacts on lower frequency images and is therefore not
+ * a good general purpose binarizer for uses outside ZXing.
+ *
+ * This class extends GlobalHistogramBinarizer, using the older histogram approach for 1D readers,
+ * and the newer local approach for 2D readers. 1D decoding using a per-row histogram is already
+ * inherently local, and only fails for horizontal gradients. We can revisit that problem later,
+ * but for now it was not a win to use local blocks for 1D.
+ *
+ * This Binarizer is the default for the unit tests and the recommended class for library users.
+ *
+ * @author dswitkin@google.com (Daniel Switkin)
+ */
+pub struct HybridBinarizer {
+    //width: usize,
+    //height: usize,
+    //source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>,
+    ghb: GlobalHistogramBinarizer,
+    // matrix :Option<BitMatrix>,
+}
+impl Binarizer for HybridBinarizer {
+    fn getLuminanceSource(&self) -> &Box<dyn LuminanceSource> {
+        self.ghb.getLuminanceSource()
+    }
+
+    fn getBlackRow(&self, y: usize, row: &mut BitArray) -> Result<BitArray, Exceptions> {
+        self.ghb.getBlackRow(y, row)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the final BitMatrix once for all requests. This could be called once from the
+     * constructor instead, but there are some advantages to doing it lazily, such as making
+     * profiling easier, and not doing heavy lifting when callers don't expect it.
+     */
+    fn getBlackMatrix(&self) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
+        // if self.matrix.is_some() {
+        //     return Ok(self.matrix.clone().unwrap())
+        //   }
+        let matrix;
+        let source = self.getLuminanceSource();
+        let width = source.getWidth();
+        let height = source.getHeight();
+        if width >= HybridBinarizer::MINIMUM_DIMENSION
+            && height >= HybridBinarizer::MINIMUM_DIMENSION
+        {
+            let luminances = source.getMatrix();
+            let mut sub_width = width >> HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
+            if (width & HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_MASK) != 0 {
+                sub_width += 1;
+            }
+            let mut sub_height = height >> HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
+            if (height & HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_MASK) != 0 {
+                sub_height += 1;
+            }
+            let black_points = Self::calculateBlackPoints(
+                &luminances,
+                sub_width as u32,
+                sub_height as u32,
+                width as u32,
+                height as u32,
+            );
+
+            let mut new_matrix = BitMatrix::new(width as u32, height as u32)?;
+            Self::calculateThresholdForBlock(
+                &luminances,
+                sub_width as u32,
+                sub_height as u32,
+                width as u32,
+                height as u32,
+                &black_points,
+                &mut new_matrix,
+            );
+            matrix = new_matrix;
+        } else {
+            // If the image is too small, fall back to the global histogram approach.
+            matrix = self.ghb.getBlackMatrix()?;
+        }
+        //  dbg!(matrix.to_string());
+        Ok(matrix)
+    }
+
+    fn createBinarizer(&self, source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>) -> Box<dyn Binarizer> {
+        Box::new(HybridBinarizer::new(source))
+    }
+
+    fn getWidth(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ghb.getWidth()
+    }
+
+    fn getHeight(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ghb.getHeight()
+    }
+}
+impl HybridBinarizer {
+    // This class uses 5x5 blocks to compute local luminance, where each block is 8x8 pixels.
+    // So this is the smallest dimension in each axis we can accept.
+    const BLOCK_SIZE_POWER: usize = 3;
+    const BLOCK_SIZE: usize = 1 << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER; // ...0100...00
+    const BLOCK_SIZE_MASK: usize = HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE - 1; // ...0011...11
+    const MINIMUM_DIMENSION: usize = HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE * 5;
+    const MIN_DYNAMIC_RANGE: usize = 24;
+
+    pub fn new(source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ghb: GlobalHistogramBinarizer::new(source),
+            // matrix: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For each block in the image, calculate the average black point using a 5x5 grid
+     * of the blocks around it. Also handles the corner cases (fractional blocks are computed based
+     * on the last pixels in the row/column which are also used in the previous block).
+     */
+    fn calculateThresholdForBlock(
+        luminances: &[u8],
+        sub_width: u32,
+        sub_height: u32,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+        black_points: &Vec<Vec<u32>>,
+        matrix: &mut BitMatrix,
+    ) {
+        let maxYOffset = height - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE as u32;
+        let maxXOffset = width - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE as u32;
+        for y in 0..sub_height {
+            // for (int y = 0; y < subHeight; y++) {
+            let mut yoffset = y << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
+            if yoffset > maxYOffset {
+                yoffset = maxYOffset;
+            }
+            let top = Self::cap(y, sub_height - 3);
+            for x in 0..sub_width {
+                //   for (int x = 0; x < subWidth; x++) {
+                let mut xoffset = x << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
+                if xoffset > maxXOffset {
+                    xoffset = maxXOffset;
+                }
+                let left = Self::cap(x, sub_width - 3);
+                let mut sum = 0;
+                for z in -2i32..=2 {
+                    // for (int z = -2; z <= 2; z++) {
+                    let blackRow = &black_points[(top as i32 + z) as usize];
+                    sum += blackRow[(left - 2) as usize]
+                        + blackRow[(left - 1) as usize]
+                        + blackRow[left as usize]
+                        + blackRow[(left + 1) as usize]
+                        + blackRow[(left + 2) as usize];
+                }
+                let average = sum / 25;
+                Self::thresholdBlock(luminances, xoffset, yoffset, average, width, matrix);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cap(value: u32, max: u32) -> u32 {
+        if value < 2 {
+            2
+        } else {
+            value.min(max)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies a single threshold to a block of pixels.
+     */
+    fn thresholdBlock(
+        luminances: &[u8],
+        xoffset: u32,
+        yoffset: u32,
+        threshold: u32,
+        stride: u32,
+        matrix: &mut BitMatrix,
+    ) {
+        let mut offset = yoffset * stride + xoffset;
+        for y in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
+            // for (int y = 0, offset = yoffset * stride + xoffset; y < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; y++, offset += stride) {
+            for x in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
+                //   for (int x = 0; x < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; x++) {
+                // Comparison needs to be <= so that black == 0 pixels are black even if the threshold is 0.
+                if luminances[offset as usize + x] as u32 <= threshold {
+                    matrix.set(xoffset + x as u32, yoffset + y as u32);
+                }
+            }
+            offset += stride;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates a single black point for each block of pixels and saves it away.
+     * See the following thread for a discussion of this algorithm:
+     *  http://groups.google.com/group/zxing/browse_thread/thread/d06efa2c35a7ddc0
+     */
+    fn calculateBlackPoints(
+        luminances: &[u8],
+        subWidth: u32,
+        subHeight: u32,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+    ) -> Vec<Vec<u32>> {
+        let maxYOffset = height as usize - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE;
+        let maxXOffset = width as usize - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE;
+        let mut blackPoints = vec![vec![0; subWidth as usize]; subHeight as usize];
+        for y in 0..subHeight {
+            // for (int y = 0; y < subHeight; y++) {
+            let mut yoffset = y << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
+            if yoffset > maxYOffset as u32 {
+                yoffset = maxYOffset as u32;
+            }
+            for x in 0..subWidth {
+                //   for (int x = 0; x < subWidth; x++) {
+                let mut xoffset = x << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
+                if xoffset > maxXOffset as u32 {
+                    xoffset = maxXOffset as u32;
+                }
+                let mut sum = 0u32;
+                let mut min = 0xff;
+                let mut max = 0;
+
+                let mut offset = yoffset * width + xoffset;
+                let mut yy = 0;
+                while yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
+                    // for (int yy = 0, offset = yoffset * width + xoffset; yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; yy++, offset += width) {
+                    for xx in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
+                        //   for (int xx = 0; xx < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; xx++) {
+                        let pixel = luminances[offset as usize + xx];
+                        sum += pixel as u32;
+                        // still looking for good contrast
+                        if pixel < min {
+                            min = pixel;
+                        }
+                        if pixel > max {
+                            max = pixel;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // short-circuit min/max tests once dynamic range is met
+                    if (max - min) as usize > HybridBinarizer::MIN_DYNAMIC_RANGE {
+                        // finish the rest of the rows quickly
+                        offset += width;
+                        yy += 1;
+                        while yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
+                            // for (yy++, offset += width; yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; yy++, offset += width) {
+                            for xx in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
+                                //   for (int xx = 0; xx < BLOCK_SIZE; xx++) {
+                                sum += luminances[offset as usize + xx] as u32;
+                            }
+                            yy += 1;
+                            offset += width;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    yy += 1;
+                    offset += width;
+                }
+
+                // The default estimate is the average of the values in the block.
+                let mut average = sum >> (HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER * 2);
+                if (max - min) as usize <= HybridBinarizer::MIN_DYNAMIC_RANGE {
+                    // If variation within the block is low, assume this is a block with only light or only
+                    // dark pixels. In that case we do not want to use the average, as it would divide this
+                    // low contrast area into black and white pixels, essentially creating data out of noise.
+                    //
+                    // The default assumption is that the block is light/background. Since no estimate for
+                    // the level of dark pixels exists locally, use half the min for the block.
+                    average = min as u32 / 2;
+
+                    if y > 0 && x > 0 {
+                        // Correct the "white background" assumption for blocks that have neighbors by comparing
+                        // the pixels in this block to the previously calculated black points. This is based on
+                        // the fact that dark barcode symbology is always surrounded by some amount of light
+                        // background for which reasonable black point estimates were made. The bp estimated at
+                        // the boundaries is used for the interior.
+
+                        // The (min < bp) is arbitrary but works better than other heuristics that were tried.
+                        let average_neighbor_black_point: u32 = (blackPoints[y as usize - 1]
+                            [x as usize]
+                            + (2 * blackPoints[y as usize][x as usize - 1])
+                            + blackPoints[y as usize - 1][x as usize - 1])
+                            / 4;
+                        if (min as u32) < average_neighbor_black_point {
+                            average = average_neighbor_black_point;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                blackPoints[y as usize][x as usize] = average;
+            }
+        }
+        blackPoints
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/input_edge.rs b/src/common/input_edge.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33f5699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/input_edge.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use std::{fmt, rc::Rc};
+
+use super::{MinimalECIInput, ECIEncoderSet, ECIInput, COST_PER_ECI};
+
+pub struct InputEdge {
+    pub c: String,
+    pub encoderIndex: usize, //the encoding of this edge
+    pub previous: Option<Rc<InputEdge>>,
+    pub cachedTotalSize: usize,
+}
+impl InputEdge {
+    pub fn new(
+        c: &str,
+        encoderSet: &ECIEncoderSet,
+        encoderIndex: usize,
+        previous: Option<Rc<InputEdge>>,
+        fnc1: u16,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut size = if c == "\u{1000}" {
+            1
+        } else {
+            encoderSet.encode_char(c, encoderIndex).len()
+        };
+
+        let fnc1Str = String::from_utf16(&[fnc1]).unwrap();
+
+        if let Some(prev) = previous {
+            let previousEncoderIndex = prev.encoderIndex;
+            if previousEncoderIndex != encoderIndex {
+                size += COST_PER_ECI;
+            }
+            size += prev.cachedTotalSize;
+
+            Self {
+                c: if c == fnc1Str {
+                    String::from("\u{1000}")
+                } else {
+                    String::from(c)
+                },
+                encoderIndex,
+                previous: Some(prev.clone()),
+                cachedTotalSize: size,
+            }
+        } else {
+            let previousEncoderIndex = 0;
+            if previousEncoderIndex != encoderIndex {
+                size += COST_PER_ECI;
+            }
+
+            Self {
+                c: if c == fnc1Str {
+                    String::from("\u{1000}")
+                } else {
+                    String::from(c)
+                },
+                encoderIndex,
+                previous: None,
+                cachedTotalSize: size,
+            }
+        }
+
+        //   int size = this.c == 1000 ? 1 : encoderSet.encode(c, encoderIndex).length;
+        // let previousEncoderIndex = if previous.is_none() {
+        //     0
+        // } else {
+        //     previous.unwrap().encoderIndex
+        // };
+        //   int previousEncoderIndex = previous == null ? 0 : previous.encoderIndex;
+        // if previousEncoderIndex != encoderIndex {
+        //     size += COST_PER_ECI;
+        // }
+        // if prev_is_some {
+        //     size += previous.unwrap().cachedTotalSize;
+        // }
+
+        // Self {
+        //     c: if c == fnc1 { 1000 as char } else { c },
+        //     encoderIndex,
+        //     previous: previous,
+        //     cachedTotalSize: size,
+        // }
+        //   this.c = c == fnc1 ? 1000 : c;
+        //   this.encoderIndex = encoderIndex;
+        //   this.previous = previous;
+        //   this.cachedTotalSize = size;
+    }
+
+    pub fn isFNC1(&self) -> bool {
+        self.c == "\u{1000}"
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for MinimalECIInput {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut result = String::new();
+        for i in 0..self.length() {
+            // for (int i = 0; i < length(); i++) {
+            if i > 0 {
+                result.push_str(", ");
+            }
+            if self.isECI(i as u32).unwrap() {
+                result.push_str("ECI(");
+                result.push_str(&self.getECIValue(i).unwrap().to_string());
+                result.push(')');
+            } else if (self.charAt(i).unwrap() as u8) < 128 {
+                result.push('\'');
+                result.push(self.charAt(i).unwrap());
+                result.push('\'');
+            } else {
+                result.push(self.charAt(i).unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+        write!(f, "{}", result)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/minimal_eci_input.rs b/src/common/minimal_eci_input.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a72782c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/minimal_eci_input.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+// import java.util.ArrayList;
+// import java.util.List;
+
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use encoding::EncodingRef;
+use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{ECIEncoderSet, InputEdge, ECIInput};
+
+//* approximated (latch + 2 codewords)
+pub const COST_PER_ECI: usize = 3;
+
+/**
+ * Class that converts a character string into a sequence of ECIs and bytes
+ *
+ * The implementation uses the Dijkstra algorithm to produce minimal encodings
+ *
+ * @author Alex Geller
+ */
+pub struct MinimalECIInput {
+    bytes: Vec<u16>,
+    fnc1: u16,
+}
+
+impl ECIInput for MinimalECIInput {
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of this input.  The length is the number
+     * of {@code byte}s, FNC1 characters or ECIs in the sequence.
+     *
+     * @return  the number of {@code char}s in this sequence
+     */
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.bytes.len();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code byte} value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
+     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
+     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
+     * indexing.
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the {@code byte} value to be returned
+     *
+     * @return  the specified {@code byte} value as character or the FNC1 character
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is an ECI (@see #isECI)
+     */
+    fn charAt(&self, index: usize) -> Result<char, Exceptions> {
+        if index >= self.length() {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
+        }
+        if self.isECI(index as u32)? {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
+                "value at {} is not a character but an ECI",
+                index
+            )));
+        }
+        if self.isFNC1(index)? {
+            Ok(self.fnc1 as u8 as char)
+        } else {
+            Ok(self.bytes[index] as u8 as char)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code CharSequence} that is a subsequence of this sequence.
+     * The subsequence starts with the {@code char} value at the specified index and
+     * ends with the {@code char} value at index {@code end - 1}.  The length
+     * (in {@code char}s) of the
+     * returned sequence is {@code end - start}, so if {@code start == end}
+     * then an empty sequence is returned.
+     *
+     * @param   start   the start index, inclusive
+     * @param   end     the end index, exclusive
+     *
+     * @return  the specified subsequence
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if {@code start} or {@code end} are negative,
+     *          if {@code end} is greater than {@code length()},
+     *          or if {@code start} is greater than {@code end}
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if a value in the range {@code start}-{@code end} is an ECI (@see #isECI)
+     */
+    fn subSequence(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Result<Vec<char>, Exceptions> {
+        if start > end || end > self.length() {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(start.to_string()));
+        }
+        let mut result = String::new();
+        for i in start..end {
+            //   for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
+            if self.isECI(i as u32)? {
+                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
+                    "value at {} is not a character but an ECI",
+                    i
+                )));
+            }
+            result.push_str(&self.charAt(i)?.to_string());
+        }
+        Ok(result.chars().collect())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a value is an ECI
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the value
+     *
+     * @return  true if the value at position {@code index} is an ECI
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     */
+    fn isECI(&self, index: u32) -> Result<bool, Exceptions> {
+        if index >= self.length() as u32 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
+        }
+        Ok(self.bytes[index as usize] > 255)// && self.bytes[index as usize] <= u16::MAX)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code int} ECI value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
+     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
+     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
+     * indexing.
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the {@code int} value to be returned
+     *
+     * @return  the specified {@code int} ECI value.
+     *          The ECI specified the encoding of all bytes with a higher index until the
+     *          next ECI or until the end of the input if no other ECI follows.
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is not an ECI (@see #isECI)
+     */
+    fn getECIValue(&self, index: usize) -> Result<u32, Exceptions> {
+        if index >= self.length() {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
+        }
+        if !self.isECI(index as u32)? {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
+                "value at {} is not an ECI but a character",
+                index
+            )));
+        }
+        Ok((self.bytes[index] as u32 - 256) as u32)
+    }
+
+    fn haveNCharacters(&self, index: usize, n: usize) -> bool {
+        if index + n - 1 >= self.bytes.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for i in 0..n {
+            //   for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if self.isECI(index as u32 + i as u32).unwrap() {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+impl MinimalECIInput {
+    /**
+     * Constructs a minimal input
+     *
+     * @param stringToEncode the character string to encode
+     * @param priorityCharset The preferred {@link Charset}. When the value of the argument is null, the algorithm
+     *   chooses charsets that leads to a minimal representation. Otherwise the algorithm will use the priority
+     *   charset to encode any character in the input that can be encoded by it if the charset is among the
+     *   supported charsets.
+     * @param fnc1 denotes the character in the input that represents the FNC1 character or -1 if this is not GS1
+     *   input.
+     */
+    pub fn new(
+        stringToEncodeInput: &str,
+        priorityCharset: Option<EncodingRef>,
+        fnc1: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let stringToEncode = stringToEncodeInput.graphemes(true).collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+        let encoderSet = ECIEncoderSet::new(stringToEncodeInput, priorityCharset, fnc1);
+        let bytes = if encoderSet.len() == 1 {
+            //optimization for the case when all can be encoded without ECI in ISO-8859-1
+            let mut bytes_hld = vec![0; stringToEncode.len()];
+            for i in 0..stringToEncode.len() {
+                //   for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
+                let c = stringToEncode.get(i).unwrap();
+                bytes_hld[i] = if fnc1.is_some() && c == fnc1.as_ref().unwrap() {
+                    1000
+                } else {
+                    c.chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16
+                };
+            }
+            bytes_hld
+        } else {
+            Self::encodeMinimally(
+                stringToEncodeInput,
+                &encoderSet,
+                fnc1.as_ref().unwrap().chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16,
+            )
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            bytes: bytes,
+            fnc1: fnc1.as_ref().unwrap().chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn getFNC1Character(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.fnc1
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a value is the FNC1 character
+     *
+     * @param   index the index of the value
+     *
+     * @return  true if the value at position {@code index} is the FNC1 character
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
+     *          {@code length()}
+     */
+    pub fn isFNC1(&self, index: usize) -> Result<bool, Exceptions> {
+        if index >= self.length() {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
+        }
+        Ok(self.bytes[index] == 1000)
+    }
+
+    fn addEdge(edges: &mut Vec<Vec<Option<Rc<InputEdge>>>>, to: usize, edge: Rc<InputEdge>) {
+        if edges[to][edge.encoderIndex].is_none()
+            || edges[to][edge.encoderIndex]
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap()
+                .cachedTotalSize
+                > edge.cachedTotalSize
+        {
+            edges[to][edge.encoderIndex] = Some(edge.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn addEdges(
+        stringToEncode: &str,
+        encoderSet: &ECIEncoderSet,
+        edges: &mut Vec<Vec<Option<Rc<InputEdge>>>>,
+        from: usize,
+        previous: Option<Rc<InputEdge>>,
+        fnc1: u16,
+    ) {
+        // let ch = stringToEncode.chars().nth(from).unwrap() as i16;
+        let ch = stringToEncode.graphemes(true).nth(from).unwrap();
+
+        let mut start = 0;
+        let mut end = encoderSet.len();
+        if encoderSet.getPriorityEncoderIndex().is_some()
+            && (ch.chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16 == fnc1
+                || encoderSet.canEncode(ch, encoderSet.getPriorityEncoderIndex().unwrap()))
+        {
+            start = encoderSet.getPriorityEncoderIndex().unwrap();
+            end = start + 1;
+        }
+
+        for i in start..end {
+            // for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
+            if ch.chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16 == fnc1 || encoderSet.canEncode(ch, i) {
+                Self::addEdge(
+                    edges,
+                    from + 1,
+                    Rc::new(InputEdge::new(ch, encoderSet, i, previous.clone(), fnc1)),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn encodeMinimally(
+        stringToEncode: &str,
+        encoderSet: &ECIEncoderSet,
+        fnc1: u16,
+    ) -> Vec<u16> {
+        let inputLength = stringToEncode.len();
+
+        // Array that represents vertices. There is a vertex for every character and encoding.
+        let mut edges = vec![vec![None; encoderSet.len()]; inputLength + 1]; //InputEdge[inputLength + 1][encoderSet.length()];
+        Self::addEdges(stringToEncode, encoderSet, &mut edges, 0, None, fnc1);
+
+        for i in 0..=inputLength {
+            // for (int i = 1; i <= inputLength; i++) {
+            for j in 0..encoderSet.len() {
+                //   for (int j = 0; j < encoderSet.length(); j++) {
+                if edges[i][j].is_some() && i < inputLength {
+                    let edg = edges[i][j].clone();
+                    Self::addEdges(stringToEncode, encoderSet, &mut edges, i, edg, fnc1);
+                }
+            }
+            //optimize memory by removing edges that have been passed.
+            for j in 0..encoderSet.len() {
+                //   for (int j = 0; j < encoderSet.length(); j++) {
+                edges[i - 1][j] = None;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut minimalJ: i32 = -1;
+        let mut minimalSize: i32 = i32::MAX;
+        for j in 0..encoderSet.len() {
+            // for (int j = 0; j < encoderSet.length(); j++) {
+            if edges[inputLength][j].is_some() {
+                let edge = edges[inputLength][j].clone().unwrap();
+                if (edge.cachedTotalSize as i32) < minimalSize {
+                    minimalSize = edge.cachedTotalSize as i32;
+                    minimalJ = j as i32;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if minimalJ < 0 {
+            panic!("Internal error: failed to encode \"{}\"", stringToEncode);
+        }
+        let mut intsAL: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
+        let mut current = edges[inputLength][minimalJ as usize].clone();
+        while current.is_some() {
+            let c = current.unwrap().clone();
+            if c.isFNC1() {
+                intsAL.splice(0..0, [1000]);
+            } else {
+                let bytes: Vec<u16> = encoderSet
+                    .encode_char(&c.c, c.encoderIndex)
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|x| *x as u16)
+                    .collect();
+                let mut i = bytes.len() as i32 - 1;
+                while i >= 0 {
+                    // for (int i = bytes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                    intsAL.splice(0..0, [bytes[i as usize]]);
+                    i = -1;
+                }
+            }
+            let previousEncoderIndex = if c.previous.is_none() {
+                0
+            } else {
+                c.previous.clone().unwrap().encoderIndex
+            };
+            if previousEncoderIndex != c.encoderIndex {
+                intsAL.splice(
+                    0..0,
+                    [256 as u16 + encoderSet.getECIValue(c.encoderIndex) as u16],
+                );
+            }
+            current = c.previous.clone();
+        }
+        let mut ints = vec![0; intsAL.len()];
+        for i in 0..ints.len() {
+            // for (int i = 0; i < ints.length; i++) {
+            ints[i] = *intsAL.get(i).unwrap() as u16;
+        }
+        return ints;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/mod.rs b/src/common/mod.rs
index c79122b..97a16ca 100644
--- a/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -36,676 +36,13 @@ mod BitSourceTestCase;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod PerspectiveTransformTestCase;
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
 
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
 
-// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
-// import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-// import java.util.Map;
+mod string_utils;
+pub use string_utils::*;
 
-/**
- * Common string-related functions.
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- * @author Alex Dupre
- */
-pub struct StringUtils {
-    //   private static final Charset PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING = Charset.defaultCharset();
-    //   public static final Charset SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET = Charset.forName("SJIS");
-    //   public static final Charset GB2312_CHARSET = Charset.forName("GB2312");
-    //   private static final Charset EUC_JP = Charset.forName("EUC_JP");
-    //   private static final boolean ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS =
-    //       SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING) ||
-    //       EUC_JP.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING);
-
-    //   // Retained for ABI compatibility with earlier versions
-    //   public static final String SHIFT_JIS = "SJIS";
-    //   public static final String GB2312 = "GB2312";
-}
-
-// const PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING: &dyn Encoding = encoding::all::UTF_8;
-// const SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET: &dyn Encoding =
-//     encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
-// const GB2312_CHARSET: &dyn Encoding =
-//     encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("GB2312").unwrap();
-// const EUC_JP: &dyn Encoding = encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("EUC_JP").unwrap();
-const ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS: bool = false;
-static SHIFT_JIS: &'static str = "SJIS";
-static GB2312: &'static str = "GB2312";
-lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET: EncodingRef =
-        encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
-}
-
-//    private static final boolean ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS =
-//        SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING) ||
-//        EUC_JP.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING);
-
-impl StringUtils {
-    /**
-     * @param bytes bytes encoding a string, whose encoding should be guessed
-     * @param hints decode hints if applicable
-     * @return name of guessed encoding; at the moment will only guess one of:
-     *  "SJIS", "UTF8", "ISO8859_1", or the platform default encoding if none
-     *  of these can possibly be correct
-     */
-    pub fn guessEncoding(bytes: &[u8], hints: &DecodingHintDictionary) -> String {
-        let c = StringUtils::guessCharset(bytes, hints);
-        if c.name()
-            == encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS")
-                .unwrap()
-                .name()
-        {
-            return "SJIS".to_owned();
-        } else if c.name() == encoding::all::UTF_8.name() {
-            return "UTF8".to_owned();
-        } else if c.name() == encoding::all::ISO_8859_1.name() {
-            return "ISO8859_1".to_owned();
-        }
-        return c.name().to_owned();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param bytes bytes encoding a string, whose encoding should be guessed
-     * @param hints decode hints if applicable
-     * @return Charset of guessed encoding; at the moment will only guess one of:
-     *  {@link #SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET}, {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_8},
-     *  {@link StandardCharsets#ISO_8859_1}, {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_16},
-     *  or the platform default encoding if
-     *  none of these can possibly be correct
-     */
-    pub fn guessCharset(bytes: &[u8], hints: &DecodingHintDictionary) -> EncodingRef {
-        match hints.get(&DecodeHintType::CHARACTER_SET) {
-            Some(hint) => {
-                if let DecodeHintValue::CharacterSet(cs_name) = hint {
-                    return encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label(cs_name).unwrap();
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        };
-        // if hints.contains_key(&DecodeHintType::CHARACTER_SET) {
-        //   return Charset.forName(hints.get(DecodeHintType.CHARACTER_SET).toString());
-        // }
-
-        // First try UTF-16, assuming anything with its BOM is UTF-16
-        if bytes.len() > 2
-            && ((bytes[0] == 0xFE && bytes[1] == 0xFF) || (bytes[0] == 0xFF && bytes[1] == 0xFE))
-        {
-            if bytes[0] == 0xFE && bytes[1] == 0xFF {
-                return encoding::all::UTF_16BE;
-            } else {
-                return encoding::all::UTF_16LE;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // For now, merely tries to distinguish ISO-8859-1, UTF-8 and Shift_JIS,
-        // which should be by far the most common encodings.
-        let length = bytes.len();
-        let mut can_be_iso88591 = true;
-        let mut can_be_shift_jis = true;
-        let mut can_be_utf8 = true;
-        let mut utf8_bytes_left = 0;
-        let mut utf2_bytes_chars = 0;
-        let mut utf3_bytes_chars = 0;
-        let mut utf4_bytes_chars = 0;
-        let mut sjis_bytes_left = 0;
-        let mut sjis_katakana_chars = 0;
-        let mut sjis_cur_katakana_word_length = 0;
-        let mut sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
-        let mut sjis_max_katakana_word_length = 0;
-        let mut sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
-        let mut iso_high_other = 0;
-
-        let utf8bom = bytes.len() > 3 && bytes[0] == 0xEF && bytes[1] == 0xBB && bytes[2] == 0xBF;
-
-        for i in 0..length {
-            // for (int i = 0;
-            //      i < length && (canBeISO88591 || canBeShiftJIS || canBeUTF8);
-            //      i++) {
-            if !(can_be_iso88591 || can_be_shift_jis || can_be_utf8) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let value = bytes[i];
-
-            // UTF-8 stuff
-            if can_be_utf8 {
-                if utf8_bytes_left > 0 {
-                    if (value & 0x80) == 0 {
-                        can_be_utf8 = false;
-                    } else {
-                        utf8_bytes_left -= 1;
-                    }
-                } else if (value & 0x80) != 0 {
-                    if (value & 0x40) == 0 {
-                        can_be_utf8 = false;
-                    } else {
-                        utf8_bytes_left += 1;
-                        if (value & 0x20) == 0 {
-                            utf2_bytes_chars += 1;
-                        } else {
-                            utf8_bytes_left += 1;
-                            if (value & 0x10) == 0 {
-                                utf3_bytes_chars += 1;
-                            } else {
-                                utf8_bytes_left += 1;
-                                if (value & 0x08) == 0 {
-                                    utf4_bytes_chars += 1;
-                                } else {
-                                    can_be_utf8 = false;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // ISO-8859-1 stuff
-            if can_be_iso88591 {
-                if value > 0x7F && value < 0xA0 {
-                    can_be_iso88591 = false;
-                } else if value > 0x9F && (value < 0xC0 || value == 0xD7 || value == 0xF7) {
-                    iso_high_other += 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Shift_JIS stuff
-            if can_be_shift_jis {
-                if sjis_bytes_left > 0 {
-                    if value < 0x40 || value == 0x7F || value > 0xFC {
-                        can_be_shift_jis = false;
-                    } else {
-                        sjis_bytes_left -= 1;
-                    }
-                } else if value == 0x80 || value == 0xA0 || value > 0xEF {
-                    can_be_shift_jis = false;
-                } else if value > 0xA0 && value < 0xE0 {
-                    sjis_katakana_chars += 1;
-                    sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
-                    sjis_cur_katakana_word_length += 1;
-                    if sjis_cur_katakana_word_length > sjis_max_katakana_word_length {
-                        sjis_max_katakana_word_length = sjis_cur_katakana_word_length;
-                    }
-                } else if value > 0x7F {
-                    sjis_bytes_left += 1;
-                    //sjisDoubleBytesChars++;
-                    sjis_cur_katakana_word_length = 0;
-                    sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length += 1;
-                    if sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length > sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length {
-                        sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length = sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    //sjisLowChars++;
-                    sjis_cur_katakana_word_length = 0;
-                    sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if can_be_utf8 && utf8_bytes_left > 0 {
-            can_be_utf8 = false;
-        }
-        if can_be_shift_jis && sjis_bytes_left > 0 {
-            can_be_shift_jis = false;
-        }
-
-        // Easy -- if there is BOM or at least 1 valid not-single byte character (and no evidence it can't be UTF-8), done
-        if can_be_utf8 && (utf8bom || utf2_bytes_chars + utf3_bytes_chars + utf4_bytes_chars > 0) {
-            return encoding::all::UTF_8;
-        }
-        // Easy -- if assuming Shift_JIS or >= 3 valid consecutive not-ascii characters (and no evidence it can't be), done
-        if can_be_shift_jis
-            && (ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS
-                || sjis_max_katakana_word_length >= 3
-                || sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length >= 3)
-        {
-            return encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
-        }
-        // Distinguishing Shift_JIS and ISO-8859-1 can be a little tough for short words. The crude heuristic is:
-        // - If we saw
-        //   - only two consecutive katakana chars in the whole text, or
-        //   - at least 10% of bytes that could be "upper" not-alphanumeric Latin1,
-        // - then we conclude Shift_JIS, else ISO-8859-1
-        if can_be_iso88591 && can_be_shift_jis {
-            return if (sjis_max_katakana_word_length == 2 && sjis_katakana_chars == 2)
-                || iso_high_other * 10 >= length
-            {
-                encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap()
-            } else {
-                encoding::all::ISO_8859_1
-            };
-        }
-
-        // Otherwise, try in order ISO-8859-1, Shift JIS, UTF-8 and fall back to default platform encoding
-        if can_be_iso88591 {
-            return encoding::all::ISO_8859_1;
-        }
-        if can_be_shift_jis {
-            return encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
-        }
-        if can_be_utf8 {
-            return encoding::all::UTF_8;
-        }
-        // Otherwise, we take a wild guess with platform encoding
-        return encoding::all::UTF_8;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import java.util.Arrays;
-
-static EMPTY_BITS: [u32; 0] = [0; 0];
-static LOAD_FACTOR: f32 = 0.75f32;
-
-/**
- * <p>A simple, fast array of bits, represented compactly by an array of ints internally.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct BitArray {
-    bits: Vec<u32>,
-    size: usize,
-}
-
-impl BitArray {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            bits: EMPTY_BITS.to_vec(),
-            size: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_size(size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            bits: BitArray::makeArray(size),
-            size: size,
-        }
-    }
-
-    // For testing only
-    pub fn with_initial_values(bits: Vec<u32>, size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            bits: bits,
-            size: size,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn getSize(&self) -> usize {
-        self.size
-    }
-
-    pub fn getSizeInBytes(&self) -> usize {
-        return (self.size + 7) / 8;
-    }
-
-    fn ensure_capacity(&mut self, newSize: usize) {
-        if newSize > self.bits.len() * 32 {
-            let mut newBits = BitArray::makeArray((newSize as f32 / LOAD_FACTOR).ceil() as usize);
-            //System.arraycopy(bits, 0, newBits, 0, bits.length);
-            newBits[0..self.bits.len()].clone_from_slice(&self.bits[0..self.bits.len()]);
-            self.bits = newBits;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param i bit to get
-     * @return true iff bit i is set
-     */
-    pub fn get(&self, i: usize) -> bool {
-        return (self.bits[i / 32] & (1 << (i & 0x1F))) != 0;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets bit i.
-     *
-     * @param i bit to set
-     */
-    pub fn set(&mut self, i: usize) {
-        self.bits[i / 32] |= 1 << (i & 0x1F);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Flips bit i.
-     *
-     * @param i bit to set
-     */
-    pub fn flip(&mut self, i: usize) {
-        self.bits[i / 32] ^= 1 << (i & 0x1F);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param from first bit to check
-     * @return index of first bit that is set, starting from the given index, or size if none are set
-     *  at or beyond this given index
-     * @see #getNextUnset(int)
-     */
-    pub fn getNextSet(&self, from: usize) -> usize {
-        if from >= self.size {
-            return self.size;
-        }
-        let mut bitsOffset = from / 32;
-        let mut currentBits = self.bits[bitsOffset] as i64;
-        // mask off lesser bits first
-        currentBits &= -(1 << (from & 0x1F));
-        while currentBits == 0 {
-            bitsOffset += 1;
-            if bitsOffset == self.bits.len() {
-                return self.size;
-            }
-            currentBits = self.bits[bitsOffset] as i64;
-        }
-        let result = (bitsOffset * 32) + currentBits.trailing_zeros() as usize;
-        cmp::min(result, self.size)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param from index to start looking for unset bit
-     * @return index of next unset bit, or {@code size} if none are unset until the end
-     * @see #getNextSet(int)
-     */
-    pub fn getNextUnset(&self, from: usize) -> usize {
-        if from >= self.size {
-            return self.size;
-        }
-        let mut bitsOffset = from / 32;
-        let mut currentBits = !self.bits[bitsOffset] as i32;
-        // mask off lesser bits first
-        currentBits &= -(1 << (from & 0x1F));
-        while currentBits == 0 {
-            bitsOffset += 1;
-            if bitsOffset == self.bits.len() {
-                return self.size;
-            }
-            currentBits = !self.bits[bitsOffset] as i32;
-        }
-        let result = (bitsOffset * 32) + currentBits.trailing_zeros() as usize;
-        return cmp::min(result, self.size);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets a block of 32 bits, starting at bit i.
-     *
-     * @param i first bit to set
-     * @param newBits the new value of the next 32 bits. Note again that the least-significant bit
-     * corresponds to bit i, the next-least-significant to i+1, and so on.
-     */
-    pub fn setBulk(&mut self, i: usize, newBits: u32) {
-        self.bits[i / 32] = newBits;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets a range of bits.
-     *
-     * @param start start of range, inclusive.
-     * @param end end of range, exclusive
-     */
-    pub fn setRange(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        let mut end = end;
-        if end < start || end > self.size {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "end < start || start < 0 || end > self.size".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        if end == start {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        end -= 1; // will be easier to treat this as the last actually set bit -- inclusive
-        let firstInt = start / 32;
-        let lastInt = end / 32;
-        for i in firstInt..=lastInt {
-            //for (int i = firstInt; i <= lastInt; i++) {
-            let firstBit = if i > firstInt { 0 } else { start & 0x1F };
-            let lastBit = if i < lastInt { 31 } else { end & 0x1F };
-            // Ones from firstBit to lastBit, inclusive
-            let mask: u64 = (2 << lastBit) - (1 << firstBit);
-            self.bits[i] |= mask as u32;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Clears all bits (sets to false).
-     */
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        let max = self.bits.len();
-        for i in 0..max {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
-            self.bits[i] = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Efficient method to check if a range of bits is set, or not set.
-     *
-     * @param start start of range, inclusive.
-     * @param end end of range, exclusive
-     * @param value if true, checks that bits in range are set, otherwise checks that they are not set
-     * @return true iff all bits are set or not set in range, according to value argument
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if end is less than start or the range is not contained in the array
-     */
-    pub fn isRange(&self, start: usize, end: usize, value: bool) -> Result<bool, Exceptions> {
-        let mut end = end;
-        if end < start || end > self.size {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "end < start || start < 0 || end > self.size".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        if end == start {
-            return Ok(true); // empty range matches
-        }
-        end -= 1; // will be easier to treat this as the last actually set bit -- inclusive
-        let firstInt = start / 32;
-        let lastInt = end / 32;
-        for i in firstInt..=lastInt {
-            //for (int i = firstInt; i <= lastInt; i++) {
-            let firstBit = if i > firstInt { 0 } else { start & 0x1F };
-            let lastBit = if i < lastInt { 31 } else { end & 0x1F };
-            // Ones from firstBit to lastBit, inclusive
-            let mask: u64 = (2 << lastBit) - (1 << firstBit);
-
-            // Return false if we're looking for 1s and the masked bits[i] isn't all 1s (that is,
-            // equals the mask, or we're looking for 0s and the masked portion is not all 0s
-            if (self.bits[i] & mask as u32) != (if value { mask as u32 } else { 0 }) {
-                return Ok(false);
-            }
-        }
-        return Ok(true);
-    }
-
-    pub fn appendBit(&mut self, bit: bool) {
-        self.ensure_capacity(self.size + 1);
-        if bit {
-            self.bits[self.size / 32] |= 1 << (self.size & 0x1F);
-        }
-        self.size += 1;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Appends the least-significant bits, from value, in order from most-significant to
-     * least-significant. For example, appending 6 bits from 0x000001E will append the bits
-     * 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 in that order.
-     *
-     * @param value {@code int} containing bits to append
-     * @param numBits bits from value to append
-     */
-    pub fn appendBits(&mut self, value: u32, num_bits: usize) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        if num_bits > 32 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "Num bits must be between 0 and 32".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if num_bits == 0 {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        let mut next_size = self.size;
-        self.ensure_capacity(next_size + num_bits);
-        for numBitsLeft in (0..num_bits).rev() {
-            //for (int numBitsLeft = numBits - 1; numBitsLeft >= 0; numBitsLeft--) {
-            if (value & (1 << numBitsLeft)) != 0 {
-                self.bits[next_size / 32] |= 1 << (next_size & 0x1F);
-            }
-            next_size += 1;
-        }
-        self.size = next_size;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn appendBitArray(&mut self, other: BitArray) {
-        let otherSize = other.size;
-        self.ensure_capacity(self.size + otherSize);
-        for i in 0..otherSize {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < otherSize; i++) {
-            self.appendBit(other.get(i));
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn xor(&mut self, other: &BitArray) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        if self.size != other.size {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "Sizes don't match".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        for i in 0..self.bits.len() {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < bits.length; i++) {
-            // The last int could be incomplete (i.e. not have 32 bits in
-            // it) but there is no problem since 0 XOR 0 == 0.
-            self.bits[i] ^= other.bits[i];
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param bitOffset first bit to start writing
-     * @param array array to write into. Bytes are written most-significant byte first. This is the opposite
-     *  of the internal representation, which is exposed by {@link #getBitArray()}
-     * @param offset position in array to start writing
-     * @param numBytes how many bytes to write
-     */
-    pub fn toBytes(&self, bitOffset: usize, array: &mut [u8], offset: usize, numBytes: usize) {
-        let mut bitOffset = bitOffset;
-        for i in 0..numBytes {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < numBytes; i++) {
-            let mut theByte = 0;
-            for j in 0..8 {
-                //for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
-                if self.get(bitOffset) {
-                    theByte |= 1 << (7 - j);
-                }
-                bitOffset += 1;
-            }
-            array[offset + i] = theByte;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return underlying array of ints. The first element holds the first 32 bits, and the least
-     *         significant bit is bit 0.
-     */
-    pub fn getBitArray(&self) -> &Vec<u32> {
-        return &self.bits;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Reverses all bits in the array.
-     */
-    pub fn reverse(&mut self) {
-        let mut newBits = vec![0; self.bits.len()];
-        // reverse all int's first
-        let len = (self.size - 1) / 32;
-        let oldBitsLen = len + 1;
-        for i in 0..oldBitsLen {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < oldBitsLen; i++) {
-            newBits[len - i] = self.bits[i].reverse_bits();
-        }
-        // now correct the int's if the bit size isn't a multiple of 32
-        if self.size != oldBitsLen * 32 {
-            let leftOffset = oldBitsLen * 32 - self.size;
-            let mut currentInt = newBits[0] >> leftOffset;
-            for i in 1..oldBitsLen {
-                //for (int i = 1; i < oldBitsLen; i++) {
-                let nextInt = newBits[i];
-                currentInt |= nextInt << (32 - leftOffset);
-                newBits[i - 1] = currentInt;
-                currentInt = nextInt >> leftOffset;
-            }
-            newBits[oldBitsLen - 1] = currentInt;
-        }
-        self.bits = newBits;
-    }
-
-    fn makeArray(size: usize) -> Vec<u32> {
-        return vec![0; (size + 31) / 32];
-    }
-
-    //   @Override
-    //   public boolean equals(Object o) {
-    //     if (!(o instanceof BitArray)) {
-    //       return false;
-    //     }
-    //     BitArray other = (BitArray) o;
-    //     return size == other.size && Arrays.equals(bits, other.bits);
-    //   }
-
-    //   @Override
-    //   public int hashCode() {
-    //     return 31 * size + Arrays.hashCode(bits);
-    //   }
-
-    //   @Override
-    //   public BitArray clone() {
-    //     return new BitArray(bits.clone(), size);
-    //   }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for BitArray {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let mut _str = String::with_capacity(self.size + (self.size / 8) + 1);
-        for i in 0..self.size {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            if (i & 0x07) == 0 {
-                _str.push_str(" ");
-            }
-            _str.push_str(if self.get(i) { "X" } else { "." });
-        }
-        write!(f, "{}", _str)
-    }
-}
+mod bit_array;
+pub use bit_array::*;
 
 /*
  * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
@@ -745,3398 +82,48 @@ pub trait DetectorRXingResult {
 //     points: Vec<RXingResultPoint>,
 // }
 
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
+mod bit_matrix;
+pub use bit_matrix::*;
 
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
+mod eci_input;
+pub use eci_input::*;
 
-// import java.util.Arrays;
+mod bit_source;
+pub use bit_source::*;
 
-/**
- * <p>Represents a 2D matrix of bits. In function arguments below, and throughout the common
- * module, x is the column position, and y is the row position. The ordering is always x, y.
- * The origin is at the top-left.</p>
- *
- * <p>Internally the bits are represented in a 1-D array of 32-bit ints. However, each row begins
- * with a new int. This is done intentionally so that we can copy out a row into a BitArray very
- * efficiently.</p>
- *
- * <p>The ordering of bits is row-major. Within each int, the least significant bits are used first,
- * meaning they represent lower x values. This is compatible with BitArray's implementation.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- * @author dswitkin@google.com (Daniel Switkin)
- */
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct BitMatrix {
-    width: u32,
-    height: u32,
-    row_size: usize,
-    bits: Vec<u32>,
-}
+mod perspective_transform;
+pub use perspective_transform::*;
 
-impl BitMatrix {
-    /**
-     * Creates an empty square {@code BitMatrix}.
-     *
-     * @param dimension height and width
-     */
-    pub fn with_single_dimension(dimension: u32) -> Self {
-        Self::new(dimension, dimension).unwrap()
-    }
+mod decoder_rxing_result;
+pub use decoder_rxing_result::*;
 
-    /**
-     * Creates an empty {@code BitMatrix}.
-     *
-     * @param width bit matrix width
-     * @param height bit matrix height
-     */
-    pub fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
-        if width < 1 || height < 1 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "Both dimensions must be greater than 0".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        Ok(Self {
-            width,
-            height,
-            row_size: ((width + 31) / 32) as usize,
-            bits: vec![0; (((width + 31) / 32) * height) as usize],
-        })
-        // this.width = width;
-        // this.height = height;
-        // this.rowSize = (width + 31) / 32;
-        // bits = new int[rowSize * height];
-    }
+mod bit_source_builder;
+pub use bit_source_builder::*;
 
-    fn with_all_data(&self, width: u32, height: u32, rowSize: usize, bits: Vec<u32>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            width,
-            height,
-            row_size: rowSize,
-            bits,
-        }
-    }
+mod grid_sampler;
+pub use grid_sampler::*;
 
-    /**
-     * Interprets a 2D array of booleans as a {@code BitMatrix}, where "true" means an "on" bit.
-     *
-     * @param image bits of the image, as a row-major 2D array. Elements are arrays representing rows
-     * @return {@code BitMatrix} representation of image
-     */
-    pub fn parse_bools(image: &Vec<Vec<bool>>) -> Self {
-        let height: u32 = image.len().try_into().unwrap();
-        let width: u32 = image[0].len().try_into().unwrap();
-        let mut bits = BitMatrix::new(width, height).unwrap();
-        for i in 0..height as usize {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < height; i++) {
-            let imageI = &image[i];
-            for j in 0..width as usize {
-                //for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
-                if imageI[j] {
-                    bits.set(j as u32, i as u32);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return bits;
-    }
+mod default_grid_sampler;
+pub use default_grid_sampler::*;
 
-    pub fn parse_strings(
-        string_representation: &str,
-        set_string: &str,
-        unset_string: &str,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
-        // cannot pass nulls in rust
-        // if (stringRepresentation == null) {
-        //   throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-        // }
+mod character_set_eci;
+pub use character_set_eci::*;
 
-        let mut bits = vec![false; string_representation.len()];
-        let mut bitsPos = 0;
-        let mut rowStartPos = 0;
-        let mut rowLength = 0; //-1;
-        let mut first_run = true;
-        let mut nRows = 0;
-        let mut pos = 0;
-        while pos < string_representation.len() {
-            if string_representation.chars().nth(pos).unwrap() == '\n'
-                || string_representation.chars().nth(pos).unwrap() == '\r'
-            {
-                if bitsPos > rowStartPos {
-                    //if rowLength == -1 {
-                    if first_run {
-                        first_run = false;
-                        rowLength = bitsPos - rowStartPos;
-                    } else if bitsPos - rowStartPos != rowLength {
-                        return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                            "row lengths do not match".to_owned(),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    rowStartPos = bitsPos;
-                    nRows += 1;
-                }
-                pos += 1;
-            } else if string_representation[pos..].starts_with(set_string) {
-                pos += set_string.len();
-                bits[bitsPos] = true;
-                bitsPos += 1;
-            } else if string_representation[pos..].starts_with(unset_string) {
-                pos += unset_string.len();
-                bits[bitsPos] = false;
-                bitsPos += 1;
-            } else {
-                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
-                    "illegal character encountered: {}",
-                    string_representation[pos..].to_owned()
-                )));
-            }
-        }
+mod eci_string_builder;
+pub use eci_string_builder::*;
 
-        // no EOL at end?
-        if bitsPos > rowStartPos {
-            //if rowLength == -1 {
-            if first_run {
-                first_run = false;
-                rowLength = bitsPos - rowStartPos;
-            } else if bitsPos - rowStartPos != rowLength {
-                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                    "row lengths do not match".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-            nRows += 1;
-        }
+mod eci_encoder_set;
+pub use eci_encoder_set::*;
 
-        let mut matrix = BitMatrix::new(rowLength.try_into().unwrap(), nRows)?;
-        for i in 0..bitsPos {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < bitsPos; i++) {
-            if bits[i] {
-                matrix.set(
-                    (i % rowLength).try_into().unwrap(),
-                    (i / rowLength).try_into().unwrap(),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return Ok(matrix);
-    }
+mod minimal_eci_input;
+pub use minimal_eci_input::*;
 
-    /**
-     * <p>Gets the requested bit, where true means black.</p>
-     *
-     * @param x The horizontal component (i.e. which column)
-     * @param y The vertical component (i.e. which row)
-     * @return value of given bit in matrix
-     */
-    pub fn get(&self, x: u32, y: u32) -> bool {
-        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
-        return ((self.bits[offset] >> (x & 0x1f)) & 1) != 0;
-    }
+mod input_edge;
+pub use input_edge::*;
 
-    /**
-     * <p>Sets the given bit to true.</p>
-     *
-     * @param x The horizontal component (i.e. which column)
-     * @param y The vertical component (i.e. which row)
-     */
-    pub fn set(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) {
-        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
-        self.bits[offset] |= 1 << (x & 0x1f);
-    }
 
-    pub fn unset(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) {
-        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
-        self.bits[offset] &= !(1 << (x & 0x1f));
-    }
+mod global_histogram_binarizer;
+pub use global_histogram_binarizer::*;
 
-    /**
-     * <p>Flips the given bit.</p>
-     *
-     * @param x The horizontal component (i.e. which column)
-     * @param y The vertical component (i.e. which row)
-     */
-    pub fn flip_coords(&mut self, x: u32, y: u32) {
-        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
-        self.bits[offset] ^= 1 << (x & 0x1f);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * <p>Flips every bit in the matrix.</p>
-     */
-    pub fn flip_self(&mut self) {
-        let max = self.bits.len();
-        for i in 0..max {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
-            self.bits[i] = !self.bits[i];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Exclusive-or (XOR): Flip the bit in this {@code BitMatrix} if the corresponding
-     * mask bit is set.
-     *
-     * @param mask XOR mask
-     */
-    pub fn xor(&mut self, mask: &BitMatrix) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        if self.width != mask.width || self.height != mask.height || self.row_size != mask.row_size
-        {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "input matrix dimensions do not match".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        let rowArray = BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize);
-        for y in 0..self.height {
-            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-            let offset = y as usize * self.row_size;
-            let tmp = mask.getRow(y, &rowArray);
-            let row = tmp.getBitArray();
-            for x in 0..self.row_size {
-                //for (int x = 0; x < rowSize; x++) {
-                self.bits[offset + x] ^= row[x];
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Clears all bits (sets to false).
-     */
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        let max = self.bits.len();
-        for i in 0..max {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
-            self.bits[i] = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * <p>Sets a square region of the bit matrix to true.</p>
-     *
-     * @param left The horizontal position to begin at (inclusive)
-     * @param top The vertical position to begin at (inclusive)
-     * @param width The width of the region
-     * @param height The height of the region
-     */
-    pub fn setRegion(
-        &mut self,
-        left: u32,
-        top: u32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-    ) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        // if top < 0 || left < 0 {
-        //     return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-        //         "Left and top must be nonnegative".to_owned(),
-        //     ));
-        // }
-        if height < 1 || width < 1 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "Height and width must be at least 1".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        let right = left + width;
-        let bottom = top + height;
-        if bottom > self.height || right > self.width {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "The region must fit inside the matrix".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        for y in top..bottom {
-            //for (int y = top; y < bottom; y++) {
-            let offset = y as usize * self.row_size;
-            for x in left..right {
-                //for (int x = left; x < right; x++) {
-                self.bits[offset + (x as usize / 32)] |= 1 << (x & 0x1f);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * A fast method to retrieve one row of data from the matrix as a BitArray.
-     *
-     * @param y The row to retrieve
-     * @param row An optional caller-allocated BitArray, will be allocated if null or too small
-     * @return The resulting BitArray - this reference should always be used even when passing
-     *         your own row
-     */
-    pub fn getRow(&self, y: u32, row: &BitArray) -> BitArray {
-        let mut rw: BitArray = if row.getSize() < self.width as usize {
-            BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize)
-        } else {
-            let mut z = row.clone();
-            z.clear();
-            z
-            // row.clear();
-            // row.clone()
-        };
-
-        let offset = y as usize * self.row_size;
-        for x in 0..self.row_size {
-            //for (int x = 0; x < rowSize; x++) {
-            rw.setBulk(x * 32, self.bits[offset + x]);
-        }
-        return rw;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param y row to set
-     * @param row {@link BitArray} to copy from
-     */
-    pub fn setRow(&mut self, y: u32, row: &BitArray) {
-        return self.bits[y as usize * self.row_size..y as usize * self.row_size + self.row_size]
-            .clone_from_slice(&row.getBitArray()[0..self.row_size]);
-        //System.arraycopy(row.getBitArray(), 0, self.bits, y * self.rowSize, self.rowSize);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies this {@code BitMatrix} to represent the same but rotated the given degrees (0, 90, 180, 270)
-     *
-     * @param degrees number of degrees to rotate through counter-clockwise (0, 90, 180, 270)
-     */
-    pub fn rotate(&mut self, degrees: u32) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        match degrees % 360 {
-            0 => Ok(()),
-            90 => {
-                self.rotate90();
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            180 => {
-                self.rotate180();
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            270 => {
-                self.rotate90();
-                self.rotate180();
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            _ => Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "degrees must be a multiple of 0, 90, 180, or 270".to_owned(),
-            )),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies this {@code BitMatrix} to represent the same but rotated 180 degrees
-     */
-    pub fn rotate180(&mut self) {
-        let mut topRow = BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize);
-        let mut bottomRow = BitArray::with_size(self.width as usize);
-        let  maxHeight = (self.height + 1) / 2;
-        for i in 0..maxHeight {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < maxHeight; i++) {
-            topRow = self.getRow(i, &topRow);
-            let bottomRowIndex = self.height - 1 - i;
-            bottomRow = self.getRow(bottomRowIndex, &bottomRow);
-            topRow.reverse();
-            bottomRow.reverse();
-            self.setRow(i, &bottomRow);
-            self.setRow(bottomRowIndex, &topRow);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies this {@code BitMatrix} to represent the same but rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise
-     */
-    pub fn rotate90(&mut self) {
-        let  newWidth = self.height;
-        let  newHeight = self.width;
-        let  newRowSize = (newWidth + 31) / 32;
-        let mut newBits = vec![0; (newRowSize * newHeight).try_into().unwrap()];
-
-        for y in 0..self.height {
-            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-            for x in 0..self.width {
-                //for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-                let offset = y as usize * self.row_size + (x as usize / 32);
-                if ((self.bits[offset] >> (x & 0x1f)) & 1) != 0 {
-                    let newOffset: usize = ((newHeight - 1 - x) * newRowSize + (y / 32))
-                        .try_into()
-                        .unwrap();
-                    newBits[newOffset] |= 1 << (y & 0x1f);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        self.width = newWidth;
-        self.height = newHeight;
-        self.row_size = newRowSize.try_into().unwrap();
-        self.bits = newBits;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This is useful in detecting the enclosing rectangle of a 'pure' barcode.
-     *
-     * @return {@code left,top,width,height} enclosing rectangle of all 1 bits, or null if it is all white
-     */
-    pub fn getEnclosingRectangle(&self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
-        let mut left = self.width;
-        let mut top = self.height;
-        // let right = -1;
-        // let bottom = -1;
-        let mut right: u32 = 0;
-        let mut bottom = 0;
-
-        for y in 0..self.height {
-            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-            for x32 in 0..self.row_size {
-                //for (int x32 = 0; x32 < rowSize; x32++) {
-                let theBits = self.bits[y as usize * self.row_size + x32];
-                if theBits != 0 {
-                    if y < top {
-                        top = y;
-                    }
-                    if y > bottom {
-                        bottom = y;
-                    }
-                    if x32 * 32 < left.try_into().unwrap() {
-                        let mut bit = 0;
-                        while (theBits << (31 - bit)) == 0 {
-                            bit += 1;
-                        }
-                        if (x32 * 32 + bit) < left.try_into().unwrap() {
-                            left = (x32 * 32 + bit).try_into().unwrap();
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if x32 * 32 + 31 > right.try_into().unwrap() {
-                        let mut bit = 31;
-                        while (theBits >> bit) == 0 {
-                            bit -= 1;
-                        }
-                        if (x32 * 32 + bit) > right.try_into().unwrap() {
-                            right = (x32 * 32 + bit).try_into().unwrap();
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if right < left || bottom < top {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        return Some(vec![left, top, right - left + 1, bottom - top + 1]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This is useful in detecting a corner of a 'pure' barcode.
-     *
-     * @return {@code x,y} coordinate of top-left-most 1 bit, or null if it is all white
-     */
-    pub fn getTopLeftOnBit(&self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
-        let mut bitsOffset = 0;
-        while bitsOffset < self.bits.len() && self.bits[bitsOffset] == 0 {
-            bitsOffset += 1;
-        }
-        if bitsOffset == self.bits.len() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let y = bitsOffset / self.row_size;
-        let mut x = (bitsOffset % self.row_size) * 32;
-
-        let theBits = self.bits[bitsOffset];
-        let mut bit = 0;
-        while (theBits << (31 - bit)) == 0 {
-            bit += 1;
-        }
-        x += bit;
-        return Some(vec![x as u32, y as u32]);
-    }
-
-    pub fn getBottomRightOnBit(&self) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
-        let mut bitsOffset = self.bits.len() as i64 - 1;
-        while bitsOffset >= 0 && self.bits[bitsOffset as usize] == 0 {
-            bitsOffset -= 1;
-        }
-        if bitsOffset < 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let y = bitsOffset as usize / self.row_size;
-        let mut x = (bitsOffset as usize % self.row_size) * 32;
-
-        let theBits = self.bits[bitsOffset as usize];
-        let mut bit = 31;
-        while (theBits >> bit) == 0 {
-            bit -= 1;
-        }
-        x += bit;
-
-        return Some(vec![x as u32, y as u32]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return The width of the matrix
-     */
-    pub fn getWidth(&self) -> u32 {
-        return self.width;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return The height of the matrix
-     */
-    pub fn getHeight(&self) -> u32 {
-        return self.height;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return The row size of the matrix
-     */
-    pub fn getRowSize(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.row_size;
-    }
-
-    // @Override
-    // public boolean equals(Object o) {
-    //   if (!(o instanceof BitMatrix)) {
-    //     return false;
-    //   }
-    //   BitMatrix other = (BitMatrix) o;
-    //   return width == other.width && height == other.height && rowSize == other.rowSize &&
-    //   Arrays.equals(bits, other.bits);
-    // }
-
-    // @Override
-    // public int hashCode() {
-    //   int hash = width;
-    //   hash = 31 * hash + width;
-    //   hash = 31 * hash + height;
-    //   hash = 31 * hash + rowSize;
-    //   hash = 31 * hash + Arrays.hashCode(bits);
-    //   return hash;
-    // }
-
-    /**
-     * @param setString representation of a set bit
-     * @param unsetString representation of an unset bit
-     * @return string representation of entire matrix utilizing given strings
-     */
-    pub fn toString(&self, setString: &str, unsetString: &str) -> String {
-        return self.buildToString(setString, unsetString, "\n");
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param setString representation of a set bit
-     * @param unsetString representation of an unset bit
-     * @param lineSeparator newline character in string representation
-     * @return string representation of entire matrix utilizing given strings and line separator
-     * @deprecated call {@link #toString(String,String)} only, which uses \n line separator always
-     */
-    // @Deprecated
-    // public String toString(String setString, String unsetString, String lineSeparator) {
-    //   return buildToString(setString, unsetString, lineSeparator);
-    // }
-
-    fn buildToString(&self, setString: &str, unsetString: &str, lineSeparator: &str) -> String {
-        let mut result =
-            String::with_capacity((self.height * (self.width + 1)).try_into().unwrap());
-        for y in 0..self.height {
-            //for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-            for x in 0..self.width {
-                //for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-                result.push_str(if self.get(x, y) {
-                    setString
-                } else {
-                    unsetString
-                });
-            }
-            result.push_str(lineSeparator);
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    // @Override
-    // public BitMatrix clone() {
-    //   return new BitMatrix(width, height, rowSize, bits.clone());
-    // }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for BitMatrix {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", self.toString("X ", "  "))
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2021 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-//package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-/**
- * Interface to navigate a sequence of ECIs and bytes.
- *
- * @author Alex Geller
- */
-pub trait ECIInput {
-    /**
-     * Returns the length of this input.  The length is the number
-     * of {@code byte}s in or ECIs in the sequence.
-     *
-     * @return  the number of {@code char}s in this sequence
-     */
-    fn length(&self) -> usize;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the {@code byte} value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
-     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
-     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
-     * indexing.
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the {@code byte} value to be returned
-     *
-     * @return  the specified {@code byte} value as character or the FNC1 character
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
-     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is an ECI (@see #isECI)
-     */
-    fn charAt(&self, index: usize) -> Result<char, Exceptions>;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a {@code CharSequence} that is a subsequence of this sequence.
-     * The subsequence starts with the {@code char} value at the specified index and
-     * ends with the {@code char} value at index {@code end - 1}.  The length
-     * (in {@code char}s) of the
-     * returned sequence is {@code end - start}, so if {@code start == end}
-     * then an empty sequence is returned.
-     *
-     * @param   start   the start index, inclusive
-     * @param   end     the end index, exclusive
-     *
-     * @return  the specified subsequence
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if {@code start} or {@code end} are negative,
-     *          if {@code end} is greater than {@code length()},
-     *          or if {@code start} is greater than {@code end}
-     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
-     *          if a value in the range {@code start}-{@code end} is an ECI (@see #isECI)
-     */
-    fn subSequence(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Result<Vec<char>, Exceptions>;
-
-    /**
-     * Determines if a value is an ECI
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the value
-     *
-     * @return  true if the value at position {@code index} is an ECI
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     */
-    fn isECI(&self, index: u32) -> Result<bool, Exceptions>;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the {@code int} ECI value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
-     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
-     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
-     * indexing.
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the {@code int} value to be returned
-     *
-     * @return  the specified {@code int} ECI value.
-     *          The ECI specified the encoding of all bytes with a higher index until the
-     *          next ECI or until the end of the input if no other ECI follows.
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
-     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is not an ECI (@see #isECI)
-     */
-    fn getECIValue(&self, index: usize) -> Result<u32, Exceptions>;
-    fn haveNCharacters(&self, index: usize, n: usize) -> bool;
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-//package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-/**
- * <p>This provides an easy abstraction to read bits at a time from a sequence of bytes, where the
- * number of bits read is not often a multiple of 8.</p>
- *
- * <p>This class is thread-safe but not reentrant -- unless the caller modifies the bytes array
- * it passed in, in which case all bets are off.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-pub struct BitSource {
-    bytes: Vec<u8>,
-    byte_offset: usize,
-    bit_offset: usize,
-}
-
-impl BitSource {
-    /**
-     * @param bytes bytes from which this will read bits. Bits will be read from the first byte first.
-     * Bits are read within a byte from most-significant to least-significant bit.
-     */
-    pub fn new(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            bytes,
-            byte_offset: 0,
-            bit_offset: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return index of next bit in current byte which would be read by the next call to {@link #readBits(int)}.
-     */
-    pub fn getBitOffset(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.bit_offset;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return index of next byte in input byte array which would be read by the next call to {@link #readBits(int)}.
-     */
-    pub fn getByteOffset(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.byte_offset;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param numBits number of bits to read
-     * @return int representing the bits read. The bits will appear as the least-significant
-     *         bits of the int
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if numBits isn't in [1,32] or more than is available
-     */
-    pub fn readBits(&mut self, numBits: usize) -> Result<u32, Exceptions> {
-        if numBits < 1 || numBits > 32 || numBits > self.available() {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(numBits.to_string()));
-        }
-
-        let mut result: u32 = 0;
-
-        let mut num_bits = numBits;
-
-        // First, read remainder from current byte
-        if self.bit_offset > 0 {
-            let bitsLeft = 8 - self.bit_offset;
-            let toRead = cmp::min(num_bits, bitsLeft);
-            let bitsToNotRead = bitsLeft - toRead;
-            let mask = (0xFF >> (8 - toRead)) << bitsToNotRead;
-
-            result = (self.bytes[self.byte_offset] & mask) as u32 >> bitsToNotRead;
-            num_bits -= toRead;
-            self.bit_offset += toRead;
-            if self.bit_offset == 8 {
-                self.bit_offset = 0;
-                self.byte_offset += 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Next read whole bytes
-        if num_bits > 0 {
-            while num_bits >= 8 {
-                result = (result << 8) | (self.bytes[self.byte_offset] & 0xFF) as u32;
-                // result = ((result as u16) << 8) as u8 | (self.bytes[self.byte_offset]);
-                self.byte_offset += 1;
-                num_bits -= 8;
-            }
-
-            // Finally read a partial byte
-            if num_bits > 0 {
-                let bits_to_not_read = 8 - num_bits;
-                let mask = (0xFF >> bits_to_not_read) << bits_to_not_read;
-                result = (result << num_bits)
-                    | ((self.bytes[self.byte_offset] & mask) as u32 >> bits_to_not_read);
-                self.bit_offset += num_bits;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return Ok(result);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return number of bits that can be read successfully
-     */
-    pub fn available(&self) -> usize {
-        return 8 * (self.bytes.len() - self.byte_offset) - self.bit_offset;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-/**
- * <p>This class implements a perspective transform in two dimensions. Given four source and four
- * destination points, it will compute the transformation implied between them. The code is based
- * directly upon section 3.4.2 of George Wolberg's "Digital Image Warping"; see pages 54-56.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-pub struct PerspectiveTransform {
-    a11: f32,
-    a12: f32,
-    a13: f32,
-    a21: f32,
-    a22: f32,
-    a23: f32,
-    a31: f32,
-    a32: f32,
-    a33: f32,
-}
-
-impl PerspectiveTransform {
-    fn new(
-        a11: f32,
-        a21: f32,
-        a31: f32,
-        a12: f32,
-        a22: f32,
-        a32: f32,
-        a13: f32,
-        a23: f32,
-        a33: f32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            a11,
-            a12,
-            a13,
-            a21,
-            a22,
-            a23,
-            a31,
-            a32,
-            a33,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn quadrilateralToQuadrilateral(
-        x0: f32,
-        y0: f32,
-        x1: f32,
-        y1: f32,
-        x2: f32,
-        y2: f32,
-        x3: f32,
-        y3: f32,
-        x0p: f32,
-        y0p: f32,
-        x1p: f32,
-        y1p: f32,
-        x2p: f32,
-        y2p: f32,
-        x3p: f32,
-        y3p: f32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let q_to_s = PerspectiveTransform::quadrilateralToSquare(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3);
-        let s_to_q =
-            PerspectiveTransform::squareToQuadrilateral(x0p, y0p, x1p, y1p, x2p, y2p, x3p, y3p);
-        return s_to_q.times(&q_to_s);
-    }
-
-    pub fn transform_points_single(&self, points: &mut [f32]) {
-        let a11 = self.a11;
-        let a12 = self.a12;
-        let a13 = self.a13;
-        let a21 = self.a21;
-        let a22 = self.a22;
-        let a23 = self.a23;
-        let a31 = self.a31;
-        let a32 = self.a32;
-        let a33 = self.a33;
-        let maxI = points.len() - 1; // points.length must be even
-        let mut i = 0;
-        while i < maxI {
-            // for (int i = 0; i < maxI; i += 2) {
-            let x = points[i];
-            let y = points[i + 1];
-            let denominator = a13 * x + a23 * y + a33;
-            points[i] = (a11 * x + a21 * y + a31) / denominator;
-            points[i + 1] = (a12 * x + a22 * y + a32) / denominator;
-            i += 2;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn transform_points_double(&self, x_values: &mut [f32], y_valuess: &mut [f32]) {
-        let n = x_values.len();
-        for i in 0..n {
-            // for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            let x = x_values[i];
-            let y = y_valuess[i];
-            let denominator = self.a13 * x + self.a23 * y + self.a33;
-            x_values[i] = (self.a11 * x + self.a21 * y + self.a31) / denominator;
-            y_valuess[i] = (self.a12 * x + self.a22 * y + self.a32) / denominator;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn squareToQuadrilateral(
-        x0: f32,
-        y0: f32,
-        x1: f32,
-        y1: f32,
-        x2: f32,
-        y2: f32,
-        x3: f32,
-        y3: f32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let dx3 = x0 - x1 + x2 - x3;
-        let dy3 = y0 - y1 + y2 - y3;
-        if dx3 == 0.0f32 && dy3 == 0.0f32 {
-            // Affine
-            return PerspectiveTransform::new(
-                x1 - x0,
-                x2 - x1,
-                x0,
-                y1 - y0,
-                y2 - y1,
-                y0,
-                0.0f32,
-                0.0f32,
-                1.0f32,
-            );
-        } else {
-            let dx1 = x1 - x2;
-            let dx2 = x3 - x2;
-            let dy1 = y1 - y2;
-            let dy2 = y3 - y2;
-            let denominator = dx1 * dy2 - dx2 * dy1;
-            let a13 = (dx3 * dy2 - dx2 * dy3) / denominator;
-            let a23 = (dx1 * dy3 - dx3 * dy1) / denominator;
-            return PerspectiveTransform::new(
-                x1 - x0 + a13 * x1,
-                x3 - x0 + a23 * x3,
-                x0,
-                y1 - y0 + a13 * y1,
-                y3 - y0 + a23 * y3,
-                y0,
-                a13,
-                a23,
-                1.0f32,
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn quadrilateralToSquare(
-        x0: f32,
-        y0: f32,
-        x1: f32,
-        y1: f32,
-        x2: f32,
-        y2: f32,
-        x3: f32,
-        y3: f32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // Here, the adjoint serves as the inverse
-        return PerspectiveTransform::squareToQuadrilateral(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
-            .buildAdjoint();
-    }
-
-    fn buildAdjoint(&self) -> Self {
-        // Adjoint is the transpose of the cofactor matrix:
-        return PerspectiveTransform::new(
-            self.a22 * self.a33 - self.a23 * self.a32,
-            self.a23 * self.a31 - self.a21 * self.a33,
-            self.a21 * self.a32 - self.a22 * self.a31,
-            self.a13 * self.a32 - self.a12 * self.a33,
-            self.a11 * self.a33 - self.a13 * self.a31,
-            self.a12 * self.a31 - self.a11 * self.a32,
-            self.a12 * self.a23 - self.a13 * self.a22,
-            self.a13 * self.a21 - self.a11 * self.a23,
-            self.a11 * self.a22 - self.a12 * self.a21,
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn times(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
-        return PerspectiveTransform::new(
-            self.a11 * other.a11 + self.a21 * other.a12 + self.a31 * other.a13,
-            self.a11 * other.a21 + self.a21 * other.a22 + self.a31 * other.a23,
-            self.a11 * other.a31 + self.a21 * other.a32 + self.a31 * other.a33,
-            self.a12 * other.a11 + self.a22 * other.a12 + self.a32 * other.a13,
-            self.a12 * other.a21 + self.a22 * other.a22 + self.a32 * other.a23,
-            self.a12 * other.a31 + self.a22 * other.a32 + self.a32 * other.a33,
-            self.a13 * other.a11 + self.a23 * other.a12 + self.a33 * other.a13,
-            self.a13 * other.a21 + self.a23 * other.a22 + self.a33 * other.a23,
-            self.a13 * other.a31 + self.a23 * other.a32 + self.a33 * other.a33,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * <p>Encapsulates the result of decoding a matrix of bits. This typically
- * applies to 2D barcode formats. For now it contains the raw bytes obtained,
- * as well as a String interpretation of those bytes, if applicable.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-pub struct DecoderRXingResult {
-    rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
-    numBits: usize,
-    text: String,
-    byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
-    ecLevel: String,
-    errorsCorrected: u64,
-    erasures: u64,
-    other: Box<dyn Any>,
-    structuredAppendParity: i32,
-    structuredAppendSequenceNumber: i32,
-    symbologyModifier: u32,
-}
-
-impl DecoderRXingResult {
-    pub fn new(
-        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
-        text: String,
-        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
-        ecLevel: String,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::with_all(rawBytes, text, byteSegments, ecLevel, -2, -2, 0)
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_symbology(
-        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
-        text: String,
-        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
-        ecLevel: String,
-        symbologyModifier: u32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::with_all(
-            rawBytes,
-            text,
-            byteSegments,
-            ecLevel,
-            -1,
-            -1,
-            symbologyModifier,
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_sa(
-        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
-        text: String,
-        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
-        ecLevel: String,
-        saSequence: i32,
-        saParity: i32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::with_all(
-            rawBytes,
-            text,
-            byteSegments,
-            ecLevel,
-            saSequence,
-            saParity,
-            0,
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_all(
-        rawBytes: Vec<u8>,
-        text: String,
-        byteSegments: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
-        ecLevel: String,
-        saSequence: i32,
-        saParity: i32,
-        symbologyModifier: u32,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let nb = rawBytes.len();
-        Self {
-            rawBytes,
-            numBits: nb,
-            text,
-            byteSegments,
-            ecLevel,
-            errorsCorrected: 0,
-            erasures: 0,
-            other: Box::new(false),
-            structuredAppendParity: saParity,
-            structuredAppendSequenceNumber: saSequence,
-            symbologyModifier,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return raw bytes representing the result, or {@code null} if not applicable
-     */
-    pub fn getRawBytes(&self) -> &Vec<u8> {
-        &self.rawBytes
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return how many bits of {@link #getRawBytes()} are valid; typically 8 times its length
-     * @since 3.3.0
-     */
-    pub fn getNumBits(&self) -> usize {
-        self.numBits
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param numBits overrides the number of bits that are valid in {@link #getRawBytes()}
-     * @since 3.3.0
-     */
-    pub fn setNumBits(&mut self, numBits: usize) {
-        self.numBits = numBits;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return text representation of the result
-     */
-    pub fn getText(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.text
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return list of byte segments in the result, or {@code null} if not applicable
-     */
-    pub fn getByteSegments(&self) -> &Vec<Vec<u8>> {
-        &self.byteSegments
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return name of error correction level used, or {@code null} if not applicable
-     */
-    pub fn getECLevel(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.ecLevel
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return number of errors corrected, or {@code null} if not applicable
-     */
-    pub fn getErrorsCorrected(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.errorsCorrected
-    }
-
-    pub fn setErrorsCorrected(&mut self, errorsCorrected: u64) {
-        self.errorsCorrected = errorsCorrected;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return number of erasures corrected, or {@code null} if not applicable
-     */
-    pub fn getErasures(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.erasures
-    }
-
-    pub fn setErasures(&mut self, erasures: u64) {
-        self.erasures = erasures
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return arbitrary additional metadata
-     */
-    pub fn getOther(&self) -> &Box<dyn Any> {
-        &self.other
-    }
-
-    pub fn setOther(&mut self, other: Box<dyn Any>) {
-        self.other = other
-    }
-
-    pub fn hasStructuredAppend(&self) -> bool {
-        self.structuredAppendParity >= 0 && self.structuredAppendSequenceNumber >= 0
-    }
-
-    pub fn getStructuredAppendParity(&self) -> i32 {
-        self.structuredAppendParity
-    }
-
-    pub fn getStructuredAppendSequenceNumber(&self) -> i32 {
-        self.structuredAppendSequenceNumber
-    }
-
-    pub fn getSymbologyModifier(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.symbologyModifier
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2008 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
-
-/**
- * Class that lets one easily build an array of bytes by appending bits at a time.
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-pub struct BitSourceBuilder {
-    output: Vec<u8>,
-    nextByte: u32,
-    bitsLeftInNextByte: u32,
-}
-
-impl BitSourceBuilder {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            output: Vec::new(),
-            nextByte: 0,
-            bitsLeftInNextByte: 8,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn write(&mut self, value: u32, numBits: u32) {
-        if numBits <= self.bitsLeftInNextByte {
-            self.nextByte <<= numBits;
-            self.nextByte |= value;
-            self.bitsLeftInNextByte -= numBits;
-            if self.bitsLeftInNextByte == 0 {
-                self.output.push(self.nextByte as u8);
-                self.nextByte = 0;
-                self.bitsLeftInNextByte = 8;
-            }
-        } else {
-            let bitsToWriteNow = self.bitsLeftInNextByte;
-            let numRestOfBits = numBits - bitsToWriteNow;
-            let mask = 0xFF >> (8 - bitsToWriteNow);
-            let valueToWriteNow = (value >> numRestOfBits) & mask;
-            self.write(valueToWriteNow, bitsToWriteNow);
-            self.write(value, numRestOfBits);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn toByteArray(&mut self) -> &Vec<u8> {
-        if self.bitsLeftInNextByte < 8 {
-            self.write(0, self.bitsLeftInNextByte);
-        }
-        &self.output
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
-
-/**
- * Implementations of this class can, given locations of finder patterns for a QR code in an
- * image, sample the right points in the image to reconstruct the QR code, accounting for
- * perspective distortion. It is abstracted since it is relatively expensive and should be allowed
- * to take advantage of platform-specific optimized implementations, like Sun's Java Advanced
- * Imaging library, but which may not be available in other environments such as J2ME, and vice
- * versa.
- *
- * The implementation used can be controlled by calling {@link #setGridSampler(GridSampler)}
- * with an instance of a class which implements this interface.
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-
-pub trait GridSampler {
-    //   /**
-    //    * Sets the implementation of GridSampler used by the library. One global
-    //    * instance is stored, which may sound problematic. But, the implementation provided
-    //    * ought to be appropriate for the entire platform, and all uses of this library
-    //    * in the whole lifetime of the JVM. For instance, an Android activity can swap in
-    //    * an implementation that takes advantage of native platform libraries.
-    //    *
-    //    * @param newGridSampler The platform-specific object to install.
-    //    */
-    //   public static void setGridSampler(GridSampler newGridSampler) {
-    //     gridSampler = newGridSampler;
-    //   }
-
-    //   /**
-    //    * @return the current implementation of GridSampler
-    //    */
-    //   public static GridSampler getInstance() {
-    //     return gridSampler;
-    //   }
-
-    /**
-     * Samples an image for a rectangular matrix of bits of the given dimension. The sampling
-     * transformation is determined by the coordinates of 4 points, in the original and transformed
-     * image space.
-     *
-     * @param image image to sample
-     * @param dimensionX width of {@link BitMatrix} to sample from image
-     * @param dimensionY height of {@link BitMatrix} to sample from image
-     * @param p1ToX point 1 preimage X
-     * @param p1ToY point 1 preimage Y
-     * @param p2ToX point 2 preimage X
-     * @param p2ToY point 2 preimage Y
-     * @param p3ToX point 3 preimage X
-     * @param p3ToY point 3 preimage Y
-     * @param p4ToX point 4 preimage X
-     * @param p4ToY point 4 preimage Y
-     * @param p1FromX point 1 image X
-     * @param p1FromY point 1 image Y
-     * @param p2FromX point 2 image X
-     * @param p2FromY point 2 image Y
-     * @param p3FromX point 3 image X
-     * @param p3FromY point 3 image Y
-     * @param p4FromX point 4 image X
-     * @param p4FromY point 4 image Y
-     * @return {@link BitMatrix} representing a grid of points sampled from the image within a region
-     *   defined by the "from" parameters
-     * @throws NotFoundException if image can't be sampled, for example, if the transformation defined
-     *   by the given points is invalid or results in sampling outside the image boundaries
-     */
-    fn sample_grid_detailed(
-        &self,
-        image: &BitMatrix,
-        dimensionX: u32,
-        dimensionY: u32,
-        p1ToX: f32,
-        p1ToY: f32,
-        p2ToX: f32,
-        p2ToY: f32,
-        p3ToX: f32,
-        p3ToY: f32,
-        p4ToX: f32,
-        p4ToY: f32,
-        p1FromX: f32,
-        p1FromY: f32,
-        p2FromX: f32,
-        p2FromY: f32,
-        p3FromX: f32,
-        p3FromY: f32,
-        p4FromX: f32,
-        p4FromY: f32,
-    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions>;
-
-    fn sample_grid(
-        &self,
-        image: &BitMatrix,
-        dimensionX: u32,
-        dimensionY: u32,
-        transform: &PerspectiveTransform,
-    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions>;
-
-    /**
-     * <p>Checks a set of points that have been transformed to sample points on an image against
-     * the image's dimensions to see if the point are even within the image.</p>
-     *
-     * <p>This method will actually "nudge" the endpoints back onto the image if they are found to be
-     * barely (less than 1 pixel) off the image. This accounts for imperfect detection of finder
-     * patterns in an image where the QR Code runs all the way to the image border.</p>
-     *
-     * <p>For efficiency, the method will check points from either end of the line until one is found
-     * to be within the image. Because the set of points are assumed to be linear, this is valid.</p>
-     *
-     * @param image image into which the points should map
-     * @param points actual points in x1,y1,...,xn,yn form
-     * @throws NotFoundException if an endpoint is lies outside the image boundaries
-     */
-    fn checkAndNudgePoints(&self, image: &BitMatrix, points: &mut [f32]) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        let width = image.getWidth();
-        let height = image.getHeight();
-        // Check and nudge points from start until we see some that are OK:
-        let mut nudged = true;
-        let max_offset = points.len() - 1; // points.length must be even
-        let mut offset = 0;
-        while offset < max_offset && nudged {
-            // for (int offset = 0; offset < maxOffset && nudged; offset += 2) {
-            let x = points[offset] as i32;
-            let y = points[offset + 1] as i32;
-            if x < -1 || x > width.try_into().unwrap() || y < -1 || y > height.try_into().unwrap() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
-                    "getNotFoundInstance".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-            nudged = false;
-            if x == -1 {
-                points[offset] = 0.0f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            } else if x == width.try_into().unwrap() {
-                points[offset] = width as f32 - 1f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            }
-            if y == -1 {
-                points[offset + 1] = 0.0f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            } else if (y == height.try_into().unwrap()) {
-                points[offset + 1] = height as f32 - 1f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            }
-            offset += 2;
-        }
-        // Check and nudge points from end:
-        nudged = true;
-        let mut offset = points.len() as isize - 2;
-        while offset >= 0 && nudged {
-            // for (int offset = points.length - 2; offset >= 0 && nudged; offset -= 2) {
-            let x = points[offset as usize] as i32;
-            let y = points[offset as usize + 1] as i32;
-            if x < -1 || x > width.try_into().unwrap() || y < -1 || y > height.try_into().unwrap() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
-                    "getNotFoundInstance".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-            nudged = false;
-            if x == -1 {
-                points[offset as usize] = 0.0f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            } else if x == width.try_into().unwrap() {
-                points[offset as usize] = width as f32 - 1f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            }
-            if y == -1 {
-                points[offset as usize + 1] = 0.0f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            } else if y == height.try_into().unwrap() {
-                points[offset as usize + 1] = height as f32 - 1f32;
-                nudged = true;
-            }
-            offset += -2;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
-
-/**
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-pub struct DefaultGridSampler {}
-
-impl GridSampler for DefaultGridSampler {
-    fn sample_grid_detailed(
-        &self,
-        image: &BitMatrix,
-        dimensionX: u32,
-        dimensionY: u32,
-        p1ToX: f32,
-        p1ToY: f32,
-        p2ToX: f32,
-        p2ToY: f32,
-        p3ToX: f32,
-        p3ToY: f32,
-        p4ToX: f32,
-        p4ToY: f32,
-        p1FromX: f32,
-        p1FromY: f32,
-        p2FromX: f32,
-        p2FromY: f32,
-        p3FromX: f32,
-        p3FromY: f32,
-        p4FromX: f32,
-        p4FromY: f32,
-    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
-        let transform = PerspectiveTransform::quadrilateralToQuadrilateral(
-            p1ToX, p1ToY, p2ToX, p2ToY, p3ToX, p3ToY, p4ToX, p4ToY, p1FromX, p1FromY, p2FromX,
-            p2FromY, p3FromX, p3FromY, p4FromX, p4FromY,
-        );
-
-        self.sample_grid(image, dimensionX, dimensionY, &transform)
-    }
-
-    fn sample_grid(
-        &self,
-        image: &BitMatrix,
-        dimensionX: u32,
-        dimensionY: u32,
-        transform: &PerspectiveTransform,
-    ) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
-        if dimensionX == 0 || dimensionY == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
-                "getNotFoundInstance".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        let mut bits = BitMatrix::new(dimensionX, dimensionY)?;
-        let mut points = vec![0_f32; 2 * dimensionX as usize];
-        for y in 0..dimensionY {
-            //   for (int y = 0; y < dimensionY; y++) {
-            let max = points.len();
-            let i_value = y as f32 + 0.5f32;
-            let mut x = 0;
-            while x < max {
-                // for (int x = 0; x < max; x += 2) {
-                points[x] = (x as f32 / 2.0) + 0.5f32;
-                points[x + 1] = i_value;
-                x += 2;
-            }
-            transform.transform_points_single(&mut points);
-            // Quick check to see if points transformed to something inside the image;
-            // sufficient to check the endpoints
-            self.checkAndNudgePoints(image, &mut points)?;
-            // try {
-            let mut x = 0;
-            while x < max {
-                //   for (int x = 0; x < max; x += 2) {
-                if points[x].floor() as u32 >= image.getWidth()
-                    || points[x + 1].floor() as u32 >= image.getHeight()
-                {
-                    return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
-                        "index out of bounds, see documentation in file for explanation".to_owned(),
-                    ));
-                }
-                if image.get(points[x].floor() as u32, points[x + 1].floor() as u32) {
-                    // Black(-ish) pixel
-                    bits.set(x as u32 / 2, y);
-                }
-                x += 2;
-            }
-            // } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aioobe) {
-            //   // This feels wrong, but, sometimes if the finder patterns are misidentified, the resulting
-            //   // transform gets "twisted" such that it maps a straight line of points to a set of points
-            //   // whose endpoints are in bounds, but others are not. There is probably some mathematical
-            //   // way to detect this about the transformation that I don't know yet.
-            //   // This results in an ugly runtime exception despite our clever checks above -- can't have
-            //   // that. We could check each point's coordinates but that feels duplicative. We settle for
-            //   // catching and wrapping ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
-            //   throw NotFoundException.getNotFoundInstance();
-            // }
-        }
-        return Ok(bits);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2008 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import com.google.zxing.FormatException;
-
-// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
-
-// import java.util.HashMap;
-// import java.util.Map;
-
-/**
- * Encapsulates a Character Set ECI, according to "Extended Channel Interpretations" 5.3.1.1
- * of ISO 18004.
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum CharacterSetECI {
-    // Enum name is a Java encoding valid for java.lang and java.io
-    Cp437,              //(new int[]{0,2}),
-    ISO8859_1,          //(new int[]{1,3}, "ISO-8859-1"),
-    ISO8859_2,          //(4, "ISO-8859-2"),
-    ISO8859_3,          //(5, "ISO-8859-3"),
-    ISO8859_4,          //(6, "ISO-8859-4"),
-    ISO8859_5,          //(7, "ISO-8859-5"),
-    ISO8859_6,          //(8, "ISO-8859-6"),
-    ISO8859_7,          //(9, "ISO-8859-7"),
-    ISO8859_8,          //(10, "ISO-8859-8"),
-    ISO8859_9,          //(11, "ISO-8859-9"),
-    ISO8859_10,         //(12, "ISO-8859-10"),
-    ISO8859_11,         //(13, "ISO-8859-11"),
-    ISO8859_13,         //(15, "ISO-8859-13"),
-    ISO8859_14,         //(16, "ISO-8859-14"),
-    ISO8859_15,         //(17, "ISO-8859-15"),
-    ISO8859_16,         //(18, "ISO-8859-16"),
-    SJIS,               //(20, "Shift_JIS"),
-    Cp1250,             //(21, "windows-1250"),
-    Cp1251,             //(22, "windows-1251"),
-    Cp1252,             //(23, "windows-1252"),
-    Cp1256,             //(24, "windows-1256"),
-    UnicodeBigUnmarked, //(25, "UTF-16BE", "UnicodeBig"),
-    UTF8,               //(26, "UTF-8"),
-    ASCII,              //(new int[] {27, 170}, "US-ASCII"),
-    Big5,               //(28),
-    GB18030,            //(29, "GB2312", "EUC_CN", "GBK"),
-    EUC_KR,             //(30, "EUC-KR");
-}
-impl CharacterSetECI {
-    //   private static final Map<Integer,CharacterSetECI> VALUE_TO_ECI = new HashMap<>();
-    //   private static final Map<String,CharacterSetECI> NAME_TO_ECI = new HashMap<>();
-    //   static {
-    //     for (CharacterSetECI eci : values()) {
-    //       for (int value : eci.values) {
-    //         VALUE_TO_ECI.put(value, eci);
-    //       }
-    //       NAME_TO_ECI.put(eci.name(), eci);
-    //       for (String name : eci.otherEncodingNames) {
-    //         NAME_TO_ECI.put(name, eci);
-    //       }
-    //     }
-    //   }
-
-    //   private final int[] values;
-    //   private final String[] otherEncodingNames;
-
-    //   CharacterSetECI(int value) {
-    //     this(new int[] {value});
-    //   }
-
-    //   CharacterSetECI(int value, String... otherEncodingNames) {
-    //     this.values = new int[] {value};
-    //     this.otherEncodingNames = otherEncodingNames;
-    //   }
-
-    //   CharacterSetECI(int[] values, String... otherEncodingNames) {
-    //     this.values = values;
-    //     this.otherEncodingNames = otherEncodingNames;
-    //   }
-
-    pub fn getValueSelf(&self) -> u32 {
-        Self::getValue(self)
-    }
-
-    pub fn getValue(cs_eci: &CharacterSetECI) -> u32 {
-        match cs_eci {
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp437 => 0,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1 => 1,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2 => 4,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3 => 5,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4 => 6,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5 => 7,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6 => 8,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7 => 9,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8 => 10,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9 => 11,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10 => 12,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11 => 13,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13 => 15,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14 => 16,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15 => 17,
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16 => 18,
-            CharacterSetECI::SJIS => 20,
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1250 => 21,
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1251 => 22,
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1252 => 23,
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1256 => 24,
-            CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked => 25,
-            CharacterSetECI::UTF8 => 26,
-            CharacterSetECI::ASCII => 27,
-            CharacterSetECI::Big5 => 28,
-            CharacterSetECI::GB18030 => 29,
-            CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR => 30,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn getCharset(cs_eci: &CharacterSetECI) -> EncodingRef {
-        let name = match cs_eci {
-            // CharacterSetECI::Cp437 => "CP437",
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp437 => "UTF-8",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1 => "ISO-8859-1",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2 => "ISO-8859-2",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3 => "ISO-8859-3",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4 => "ISO-8859-4",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5 => "ISO-8859-5",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6 => "ISO-8859-6",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7 => "ISO-8859-7",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8 => "ISO-8859-8",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9 => "ISO-8859-9",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10 => "ISO-8859-10",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11 => "ISO-8859-11",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13 => "ISO-8859-13",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14 => "ISO-8859-14",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15 => "ISO-8859-15",
-            CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16 => "ISO-8859-16",
-            CharacterSetECI::SJIS => "Shift_JIS",
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1250 => "windows-1250",
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1251 => "windows-1251",
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1252 => "windows-1252",
-            CharacterSetECI::Cp1256 => "windows-1256",
-            CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked => "UTF-16BE",
-            CharacterSetECI::UTF8 => "UTF-8",
-            CharacterSetECI::ASCII => "US-ASCII",
-            CharacterSetECI::Big5 => "Big5",
-            CharacterSetECI::GB18030 => "GB2312",
-            CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR => "EUC-KR",
-        };
-        encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label(name).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param charset Java character set object
-     * @return CharacterSetECI representing ECI for character encoding, or null if it is legal
-     *   but unsupported
-     */
-    pub fn getCharacterSetECI(charset: EncodingRef) -> Option<CharacterSetECI> {
-        let name = if let Some(nm) = charset.whatwg_name() {
-            nm
-        } else {
-            charset.name()
-        };
-        match name {
-            "CP437" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp437),
-            "iso-8859-1" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1),
-            "iso-8859-2" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2),
-            "iso-8859-3" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3),
-            "iso-8859-4" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4),
-            "iso-8859-5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5),
-            "iso-8859-6" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6),
-            "iso-8859-7" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7),
-            "iso-8859-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8),
-            "iso-8859-9" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9),
-            "iso-8859-10" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10),
-            "iso-8859-11" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11),
-            "iso-8859-13" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13),
-            "iso-8859-14" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14),
-            "iso-8859-15" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15),
-            "iso-8859-16" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16),
-            "shift_jis" => Some(CharacterSetECI::SJIS),
-            "windows-1250" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1250),
-            "windows-1251" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1251),
-            "windows-1252" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1252),
-            "windows-1256" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1256),
-            "utf-16be" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked),
-            "utf-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UTF8),
-            "us-ascii" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ASCII),
-            "big5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Big5),
-            "gb2312" => Some(CharacterSetECI::GB18030),
-            "euc-kr" => Some(CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param value character set ECI value
-     * @return {@code CharacterSetECI} representing ECI of given value, or null if it is legal but
-     *   unsupported
-     * @throws FormatException if ECI value is invalid
-     */
-    pub fn getCharacterSetECIByValue(value: u32) -> Result<CharacterSetECI, Exceptions> {
-        match value {
-            0 | 2 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp437),
-            1 | 3 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1),
-            4 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2),
-            5 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3),
-            6 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4),
-            7 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5),
-            8 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6),
-            9 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7),
-            10 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8),
-            11 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9),
-            12 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10),
-            13 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11),
-            15 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13),
-            16 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14),
-            17 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15),
-            18 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16),
-            20 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::SJIS),
-            21 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1250),
-            22 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1251),
-            23 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1252),
-            24 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Cp1256),
-            25 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked),
-            26 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::UTF8),
-            27 | 170 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::ASCII),
-            28 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::Big5),
-            29 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::GB18030),
-            30 => Ok(CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR),
-            _ => Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException("Bad ECI Value".to_owned())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param name character set ECI encoding name
-     * @return CharacterSetECI representing ECI for character encoding, or null if it is legal
-     *   but unsupported
-     */
-    pub fn getCharacterSetECIByName(name: &str) -> Option<CharacterSetECI> {
-        match name {
-            "CP437" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp437),
-            "ISO-8859-1" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_1),
-            "ISO-8859-2" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_2),
-            "ISO-8859-3" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_3),
-            "ISO-8859-4" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_4),
-            "ISO-8859-5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_5),
-            "ISO-8859-6" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_6),
-            "ISO-8859-7" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_7),
-            "ISO-8859-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_8),
-            "ISO-8859-9" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_9),
-            "ISO-8859-10" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_10),
-            "ISO-8859-11" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_11),
-            "ISO-8859-13" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_13),
-            "ISO-8859-14" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_14),
-            "ISO-8859-15" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_15),
-            "ISO-8859-16" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ISO8859_16),
-            "Shift_JIS" => Some(CharacterSetECI::SJIS),
-            "windows-1250" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1250),
-            "windows-1251" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1251),
-            "windows-1252" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1252),
-            "windows-1256" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Cp1256),
-            "UTF-16BE" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UnicodeBigUnmarked),
-            "UTF-8" => Some(CharacterSetECI::UTF8),
-            "US-ASCII" => Some(CharacterSetECI::ASCII),
-            "Big5" => Some(CharacterSetECI::Big5),
-            "GB2312" => Some(CharacterSetECI::GB18030),
-            "EUC-KR" => Some(CharacterSetECI::EUC_KR),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2022 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import com.google.zxing.FormatException;
-
-// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
-// import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-
-/**
- * Class that converts a sequence of ECIs and bytes into a string
- *
- * @author Alex Geller
- */
-pub struct ECIStringBuilder {
-    current_bytes: Vec<u8>,
-    result: String,
-    current_charset: EncodingRef, //= StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1;
-}
-
-impl ECIStringBuilder {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            current_bytes: Vec::new(),
-            result: String::new(),
-            current_charset: encoding::all::UTF_8,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn with_capacity(initial_capacity: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            current_bytes: Vec::with_capacity(initial_capacity),
-            result: String::new(),
-            current_charset: encoding::all::ISO_8859_1,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Appends {@code value} as a byte value
-     *
-     * @param value character whose lowest byte is to be appended
-     */
-    pub fn append_char(&mut self, value: char) {
-        self.current_bytes.push(value as u8);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Appends {@code value} as a byte value
-     *
-     * @param value byte to append
-     */
-    pub fn append_byte(&mut self, value: u8) {
-        self.current_bytes.push(value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Appends the characters in {@code value} as bytes values
-     *
-     * @param value string to append
-     */
-    pub fn append_string(&mut self, value: &str) {
-        value.as_bytes().iter().map(|b| self.current_bytes.push(*b));
-        // self.current_bytes.push(value.as_bytes());
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Append the string repesentation of {@code value} (short for {@code append(String.valueOf(value))})
-     *
-     * @param value int to append as a string
-     */
-    pub fn append(&mut self, value: i32) {
-        self.append_string(&format!("{}", value));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Appends ECI value to output.
-     *
-     * @param value ECI value to append, as an int
-     * @throws FormatException on invalid ECI value
-     */
-    pub fn appendECI(&mut self, value: u32) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny();
-        let character_set_eci = CharacterSetECI::getCharacterSetECIByValue(value)?;
-        // if (character_set_eci == null) {
-        //   throw FormatException.getFormatInstance();
-        // }
-        self.current_charset = CharacterSetECI::getCharset(&character_set_eci);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn encodeCurrentBytesIfAny(&mut self) {
-        if self.current_charset.name() == encoding::all::UTF_8.name() {
-            if !self.current_bytes.is_empty() {
-                // if result == null {
-                //   result = currentBytes;
-                //   currentBytes = new StringBuilder();
-                // } else {
-                self.result
-                    .push_str(&String::from_utf8(self.current_bytes.clone()).unwrap());
-                self.current_bytes.clear();
-                // }
-            }
-        } else if !self.current_bytes.is_empty() {
-            let bytes = self.current_bytes.clone();
-            self.current_bytes.clear();
-            //   if (result == null) {
-            //     result = new StringBuilder(new String(bytes, currentCharset));
-            //   } else {
-            let encoded_value = self
-                .current_charset
-                .decode(&bytes, encoding::DecoderTrap::Replace)
-                .unwrap();
-            self.result.push_str(&encoded_value);
-            //   }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Appends the characters from {@code value} (unlike all other append methods of this class who append bytes)
-     *
-     * @param value characters to append
-     */
-    pub fn appendCharacters(&mut self, value: &str) {
-        self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny();
-        self.result.push_str(value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Short for {@code toString().length()} (if possible, use {@link #isEmpty()} instead)
-     *
-     * @return length of string representation in characters
-     */
-    pub fn len(&mut self) -> usize {
-        self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny(); //return toString().length();
-        self.result.len()
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return true iff nothing has been appended
-     */
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        return self.current_bytes.is_empty() && self.result.is_empty();
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ECIStringBuilder {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        //self.encodeCurrentBytesIfAny();
-        write!(f, "{}", self.result)
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2021 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
-// import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
-// import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-// import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
-// import java.util.ArrayList;
-// import java.util.List;
-
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref ENCODERS : Vec<EncodingRef> = {
-        let mut enc_vec = Vec::new();
-        for name in NAMES {
-            if let Some(enc) = CharacterSetECI::getCharacterSetECIByName(name) {
-                // try {
-                    enc_vec.push(CharacterSetECI::getCharset(&enc));
-                // } catch (UnsupportedCharsetException e) {
-                // continue
-                // }
-            }
-        }
-        enc_vec
-    };
-}
-const NAMES: [&str; 20] = [
-    "IBM437",
-    "ISO-8859-2",
-    "ISO-8859-3",
-    "ISO-8859-4",
-    "ISO-8859-5",
-    "ISO-8859-6",
-    "ISO-8859-7",
-    "ISO-8859-8",
-    "ISO-8859-9",
-    "ISO-8859-10",
-    "ISO-8859-11",
-    "ISO-8859-13",
-    "ISO-8859-14",
-    "ISO-8859-15",
-    "ISO-8859-16",
-    "windows-1250",
-    "windows-1251",
-    "windows-1252",
-    "windows-1256",
-    "Shift_JIS",
-];
-
-/**
- * Set of CharsetEncoders for a given input string
- *
- * Invariants:
- * - The list contains only encoders from CharacterSetECI (list is shorter then the list of encoders available on
- *   the platform for which ECI values are defined).
- * - The list contains encoders at least one encoder for every character in the input.
- * - The first encoder in the list is always the ISO-8859-1 encoder even of no character in the input can be encoded
- *       by it.
- * - If the input contains a character that is not in ISO-8859-1 then the last two entries in the list will be the
- *   UTF-8 encoder and the UTF-16BE encoder.
- *
- * @author Alex Geller
- */
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ECIEncoderSet {
-    encoders: Vec<EncodingRef>,
-    priorityEncoderIndex: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl ECIEncoderSet {
-    /**
-     * Constructs an encoder set
-     *
-     * @param stringToEncode the string that needs to be encoded
-     * @param priorityCharset The preferred {@link Charset} or null.
-     * @param fnc1 fnc1 denotes the character in the input that represents the FNC1 character or -1 for a non-GS1 bar
-     * code. When specified, it is considered an error to pass it as argument to the methods canEncode() or encode().
-     */
-    pub fn new(
-        stringToEncodeMain: &str,
-        priorityCharset: Option<EncodingRef>,
-        fnc1: Option<&str>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        // List of encoders that potentially encode characters not in ISO-8859-1 in one byte.
-
-        let mut encoders: Vec<EncodingRef>;
-        let mut priorityEncoderIndexValue = None;
-
-        let mut neededEncoders: Vec<EncodingRef> = Vec::new();
-
-        let stringToEncode = stringToEncodeMain.graphemes(true).collect::<Vec<&str>>();
-
-        //we always need the ISO-8859-1 encoder. It is the default encoding
-        neededEncoders.push(encoding::all::ISO_8859_1);
-        let mut needUnicodeEncoder = if let Some(pc) = priorityCharset {
-            pc.name().starts_with("UTF")
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-
-        //Walk over the input string and see if all characters can be encoded with the list of encoders
-        for i in 0..stringToEncode.len() {
-            // for (int i = 0; i < stringToEncode.length(); i++) {
-            let mut canEncode = false;
-            for encoder in &neededEncoders {
-                //   for (CharsetEncoder encoder : neededEncoders) {
-                let c = stringToEncode.get(i).unwrap();
-                if (fnc1.is_some() && c == fnc1.as_ref().unwrap())
-                    || encoder.encode(c, encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict).is_ok()
-                {
-                    canEncode = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if !canEncode {
-                //for the character at position i we don't yet have an encoder in the list
-                for i_encoder in 0..ENCODERS.len() {
-                    // for encoder in ENCODERS {
-                    let encoder = ENCODERS.get(i_encoder).unwrap();
-                    // for (CharsetEncoder encoder : ENCODERS) {
-                    if encoder
-                        .encode(
-                            &stringToEncode.get(i).unwrap(),
-                            encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict,
-                        )
-                        .is_ok()
-                    {
-                        //Good, we found an encoder that can encode the character. We add him to the list and continue scanning
-                        //the input
-                        neededEncoders.push(*encoder);
-                        canEncode = true;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if !canEncode {
-                //The character is not encodeable by any of the single byte encoders so we remember that we will need a
-                //Unicode encoder.
-                needUnicodeEncoder = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if neededEncoders.len() == 1 && !needUnicodeEncoder {
-            //the entire input can be encoded by the ISO-8859-1 encoder
-            encoders = vec![encoding::all::ISO_8859_1];
-        } else {
-            // we need more than one single byte encoder or we need a Unicode encoder.
-            // In this case we append a UTF-8 and UTF-16 encoder to the list
-            //   encoders = [] new CharsetEncoder[neededEncoders.size() + 2];
-            encoders = Vec::new();
-            let index = 0;
-
-            for encoder in neededEncoders {
-                //   for (CharsetEncoder encoder : neededEncoders) {
-                //encoders[index++] = encoder;
-                encoders.push(encoder);
-            }
-
-            encoders.push(encoding::all::UTF_8);
-            encoders.push(encoding::all::UTF_16BE);
-        }
-
-        //Compute priorityEncoderIndex by looking up priorityCharset in encoders
-        // if priorityCharset != null {
-        if priorityCharset.is_some() {
-            for i in 0..encoders.len() {
-                //   for (int i = 0; i < encoders.length; i++) {
-                if priorityCharset.as_ref().unwrap().name() == encoders[i].name() {
-                    priorityEncoderIndexValue = Some(i);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // }
-        //invariants
-        assert_eq!(encoders[0].name(), encoding::all::ISO_8859_1.name());
-        Self {
-            encoders: encoders,
-            priorityEncoderIndex: priorityEncoderIndexValue,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.encoders.len();
-    }
-
-    pub fn getCharsetName(&self, index: usize) -> &'static str {
-        assert!(index < self.len());
-        return self.encoders[index].name();
-    }
-
-    pub fn getCharset(&self, index: usize) -> EncodingRef {
-        assert!(index < self.len());
-        return self.encoders[index];
-    }
-
-    pub fn getECIValue(&self, encoderIndex: usize) -> u32 {
-        CharacterSetECI::getValue(
-            &CharacterSetECI::getCharacterSetECI(self.encoders[encoderIndex]).unwrap(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    /*
-     *  returns -1 if no priority charset was defined
-     */
-    pub fn getPriorityEncoderIndex(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.priorityEncoderIndex
-    }
-
-    pub fn canEncode(&self, c: &str, encoderIndex: usize) -> bool {
-        assert!(encoderIndex < self.len());
-        let encoder = self.encoders[encoderIndex];
-        let enc_data = encoder.encode(c, encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict);
-
-        enc_data.is_ok()
-    }
-
-    pub fn encode_char(&self, c: &str, encoderIndex: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
-        assert!(encoderIndex < self.len());
-        let encoder = self.encoders[encoderIndex];
-        let enc_data = encoder.encode(&c.to_string(), encoding::EncoderTrap::Strict);
-        assert!(enc_data.is_ok());
-        return enc_data.unwrap();
-    }
-
-    pub fn encode_string(&self, s: &str, encoderIndex: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
-        assert!(encoderIndex < self.len());
-        let encoder = self.encoders[encoderIndex];
-        encoder.encode(s, encoding::EncoderTrap::Replace).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2021 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
-// import java.util.ArrayList;
-// import java.util.List;
-
-//* approximated (latch + 2 codewords)
-static COST_PER_ECI: usize = 3;
-
-/**
- * Class that converts a character string into a sequence of ECIs and bytes
- *
- * The implementation uses the Dijkstra algorithm to produce minimal encodings
- *
- * @author Alex Geller
- */
-pub struct MinimalECIInput {
-    bytes: Vec<u16>,
-    fnc1: u16,
-}
-
-impl ECIInput for MinimalECIInput {
-    /**
-     * Returns the length of this input.  The length is the number
-     * of {@code byte}s, FNC1 characters or ECIs in the sequence.
-     *
-     * @return  the number of {@code char}s in this sequence
-     */
-    fn length(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.bytes.len();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the {@code byte} value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
-     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
-     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
-     * indexing.
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the {@code byte} value to be returned
-     *
-     * @return  the specified {@code byte} value as character or the FNC1 character
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
-     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is an ECI (@see #isECI)
-     */
-    fn charAt(&self, index: usize) -> Result<char, Exceptions> {
-        if index >= self.length() {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
-        }
-        if self.isECI(index as u32)? {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
-                "value at {} is not a character but an ECI",
-                index
-            )));
-        }
-        if self.isFNC1(index)? {
-            Ok(self.fnc1 as u8 as char)
-        } else {
-            Ok(self.bytes[index] as u8 as char)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a {@code CharSequence} that is a subsequence of this sequence.
-     * The subsequence starts with the {@code char} value at the specified index and
-     * ends with the {@code char} value at index {@code end - 1}.  The length
-     * (in {@code char}s) of the
-     * returned sequence is {@code end - start}, so if {@code start == end}
-     * then an empty sequence is returned.
-     *
-     * @param   start   the start index, inclusive
-     * @param   end     the end index, exclusive
-     *
-     * @return  the specified subsequence
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if {@code start} or {@code end} are negative,
-     *          if {@code end} is greater than {@code length()},
-     *          or if {@code start} is greater than {@code end}
-     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
-     *          if a value in the range {@code start}-{@code end} is an ECI (@see #isECI)
-     */
-    fn subSequence(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Result<Vec<char>, Exceptions> {
-        if start > end || end > self.length() {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(start.to_string()));
-        }
-        let mut result = String::new();
-        for i in start..end {
-            //   for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
-            if self.isECI(i as u32)? {
-                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
-                    "value at {} is not a character but an ECI",
-                    i
-                )));
-            }
-            result.push_str(&self.charAt(i)?.to_string());
-        }
-        Ok(result.chars().collect())
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determines if a value is an ECI
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the value
-     *
-     * @return  true if the value at position {@code index} is an ECI
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     */
-    fn isECI(&self, index: u32) -> Result<bool, Exceptions> {
-        if index >= self.length() as u32 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
-        }
-        Ok(self.bytes[index as usize] > 255)// && self.bytes[index as usize] <= u16::MAX)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the {@code int} ECI value at the specified index.  An index ranges from zero
-     * to {@code length() - 1}.  The first {@code byte} value of the sequence is at
-     * index zero, the next at index one, and so on, as for array
-     * indexing.
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the {@code int} value to be returned
-     *
-     * @return  the specified {@code int} ECI value.
-     *          The ECI specified the encoding of all bytes with a higher index until the
-     *          next ECI or until the end of the input if no other ECI follows.
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
-     *          if the value at the {@code index} argument is not an ECI (@see #isECI)
-     */
-    fn getECIValue(&self, index: usize) -> Result<u32, Exceptions> {
-        if index >= self.length() {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
-        }
-        if !self.isECI(index as u32)? {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(format!(
-                "value at {} is not an ECI but a character",
-                index
-            )));
-        }
-        Ok((self.bytes[index] as u32 - 256) as u32)
-    }
-
-    fn haveNCharacters(&self, index: usize, n: usize) -> bool {
-        if index + n - 1 >= self.bytes.len() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        for i in 0..n {
-            //   for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            if self.isECI(index as u32 + i as u32).unwrap() {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-impl MinimalECIInput {
-    /**
-     * Constructs a minimal input
-     *
-     * @param stringToEncode the character string to encode
-     * @param priorityCharset The preferred {@link Charset}. When the value of the argument is null, the algorithm
-     *   chooses charsets that leads to a minimal representation. Otherwise the algorithm will use the priority
-     *   charset to encode any character in the input that can be encoded by it if the charset is among the
-     *   supported charsets.
-     * @param fnc1 denotes the character in the input that represents the FNC1 character or -1 if this is not GS1
-     *   input.
-     */
-    pub fn new(
-        stringToEncodeInput: &str,
-        priorityCharset: Option<EncodingRef>,
-        fnc1: Option<&str>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let stringToEncode = stringToEncodeInput.graphemes(true).collect::<Vec<&str>>();
-        let encoderSet = ECIEncoderSet::new(stringToEncodeInput, priorityCharset, fnc1);
-        let bytes = if encoderSet.len() == 1 {
-            //optimization for the case when all can be encoded without ECI in ISO-8859-1
-            let mut bytes_hld = vec![0; stringToEncode.len()];
-            for i in 0..stringToEncode.len() {
-                //   for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
-                let c = stringToEncode.get(i).unwrap();
-                bytes_hld[i] = if fnc1.is_some() && c == fnc1.as_ref().unwrap() {
-                    1000
-                } else {
-                    c.chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16
-                };
-            }
-            bytes_hld
-        } else {
-            Self::encodeMinimally(
-                stringToEncodeInput,
-                &encoderSet,
-                fnc1.as_ref().unwrap().chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16,
-            )
-        };
-
-        Self {
-            bytes: bytes,
-            fnc1: fnc1.as_ref().unwrap().chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn getFNC1Character(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.fnc1
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Determines if a value is the FNC1 character
-     *
-     * @param   index the index of the value
-     *
-     * @return  true if the value at position {@code index} is the FNC1 character
-     *
-     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
-     *          if the {@code index} argument is negative or not less than
-     *          {@code length()}
-     */
-    pub fn isFNC1(&self, index: usize) -> Result<bool, Exceptions> {
-        if index >= self.length() {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IndexOutOfBoundsException(index.to_string()));
-        }
-        Ok(self.bytes[index] == 1000)
-    }
-
-    fn addEdge(edges: &mut Vec<Vec<Option<Rc<InputEdge>>>>, to: usize, edge: Rc<InputEdge>) {
-        if edges[to][edge.encoderIndex].is_none()
-            || edges[to][edge.encoderIndex]
-                .clone()
-                .unwrap()
-                .cachedTotalSize
-                > edge.cachedTotalSize
-        {
-            edges[to][edge.encoderIndex] = Some(edge.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn addEdges(
-        stringToEncode: &str,
-        encoderSet: &ECIEncoderSet,
-        edges: &mut Vec<Vec<Option<Rc<InputEdge>>>>,
-        from: usize,
-        previous: Option<Rc<InputEdge>>,
-        fnc1: u16,
-    ) {
-        // let ch = stringToEncode.chars().nth(from).unwrap() as i16;
-        let ch = stringToEncode.graphemes(true).nth(from).unwrap();
-
-        let mut start = 0;
-        let mut end = encoderSet.len();
-        if encoderSet.getPriorityEncoderIndex().is_some()
-            && (ch.chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16 == fnc1
-                || encoderSet.canEncode(ch, encoderSet.getPriorityEncoderIndex().unwrap()))
-        {
-            start = encoderSet.getPriorityEncoderIndex().unwrap();
-            end = start + 1;
-        }
-
-        for i in start..end {
-            // for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
-            if ch.chars().nth(0).unwrap() as u16 == fnc1 || encoderSet.canEncode(ch, i) {
-                Self::addEdge(
-                    edges,
-                    from + 1,
-                    Rc::new(InputEdge::new(ch, encoderSet, i, previous.clone(), fnc1)),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn encodeMinimally(
-        stringToEncode: &str,
-        encoderSet: &ECIEncoderSet,
-        fnc1: u16,
-    ) -> Vec<u16> {
-        let inputLength = stringToEncode.len();
-
-        // Array that represents vertices. There is a vertex for every character and encoding.
-        let mut edges = vec![vec![None; encoderSet.len()]; inputLength + 1]; //InputEdge[inputLength + 1][encoderSet.length()];
-        Self::addEdges(stringToEncode, encoderSet, &mut edges, 0, None, fnc1);
-
-        for i in 0..=inputLength {
-            // for (int i = 1; i <= inputLength; i++) {
-            for j in 0..encoderSet.len() {
-                //   for (int j = 0; j < encoderSet.length(); j++) {
-                if edges[i][j].is_some() && i < inputLength {
-                    let edg = edges[i][j].clone();
-                    Self::addEdges(stringToEncode, encoderSet, &mut edges, i, edg, fnc1);
-                }
-            }
-            //optimize memory by removing edges that have been passed.
-            for j in 0..encoderSet.len() {
-                //   for (int j = 0; j < encoderSet.length(); j++) {
-                edges[i - 1][j] = None;
-            }
-        }
-        let mut minimalJ: i32 = -1;
-        let mut minimalSize: i32 = i32::MAX;
-        for j in 0..encoderSet.len() {
-            // for (int j = 0; j < encoderSet.length(); j++) {
-            if edges[inputLength][j].is_some() {
-                let edge = edges[inputLength][j].clone().unwrap();
-                if (edge.cachedTotalSize as i32) < minimalSize {
-                    minimalSize = edge.cachedTotalSize as i32;
-                    minimalJ = j as i32;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if minimalJ < 0 {
-            panic!("Internal error: failed to encode \"{}\"", stringToEncode);
-        }
-        let mut intsAL: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
-        let mut current = edges[inputLength][minimalJ as usize].clone();
-        while current.is_some() {
-            let c = current.unwrap().clone();
-            if c.isFNC1() {
-                intsAL.splice(0..0, [1000]);
-            } else {
-                let bytes: Vec<u16> = encoderSet
-                    .encode_char(&c.c, c.encoderIndex)
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|x| *x as u16)
-                    .collect();
-                let mut i = bytes.len() as i32 - 1;
-                while i >= 0 {
-                    // for (int i = bytes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-                    intsAL.splice(0..0, [bytes[i as usize]]);
-                    i = -1;
-                }
-            }
-            let previousEncoderIndex = if c.previous.is_none() {
-                0
-            } else {
-                c.previous.clone().unwrap().encoderIndex
-            };
-            if previousEncoderIndex != c.encoderIndex {
-                intsAL.splice(
-                    0..0,
-                    [256 as u16 + encoderSet.getECIValue(c.encoderIndex) as u16],
-                );
-            }
-            current = c.previous.clone();
-        }
-        let mut ints = vec![0; intsAL.len()];
-        for i in 0..ints.len() {
-            // for (int i = 0; i < ints.length; i++) {
-            ints[i] = *intsAL.get(i).unwrap() as u16;
-        }
-        return ints;
-    }
-}
-
-struct InputEdge {
-    c: String,
-    encoderIndex: usize, //the encoding of this edge
-    previous: Option<Rc<InputEdge>>,
-    cachedTotalSize: usize,
-}
-impl InputEdge {
-    pub fn new(
-        c: &str,
-        encoderSet: &ECIEncoderSet,
-        encoderIndex: usize,
-        previous: Option<Rc<InputEdge>>,
-        fnc1: u16,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut size = if c == "\u{1000}" {
-            1
-        } else {
-            encoderSet.encode_char(c, encoderIndex).len()
-        };
-
-        let fnc1Str = String::from_utf16(&[fnc1]).unwrap();
-
-        if let Some(prev) = previous {
-            let previousEncoderIndex = prev.encoderIndex;
-            if previousEncoderIndex != encoderIndex {
-                size += COST_PER_ECI;
-            }
-            size += prev.cachedTotalSize;
-
-            Self {
-                c: if c == fnc1Str {
-                    String::from("\u{1000}")
-                } else {
-                    String::from(c)
-                },
-                encoderIndex,
-                previous: Some(prev.clone()),
-                cachedTotalSize: size,
-            }
-        } else {
-            let previousEncoderIndex = 0;
-            if previousEncoderIndex != encoderIndex {
-                size += COST_PER_ECI;
-            }
-
-            Self {
-                c: if c == fnc1Str {
-                    String::from("\u{1000}")
-                } else {
-                    String::from(c)
-                },
-                encoderIndex,
-                previous: None,
-                cachedTotalSize: size,
-            }
-        }
-
-        //   int size = this.c == 1000 ? 1 : encoderSet.encode(c, encoderIndex).length;
-        // let previousEncoderIndex = if previous.is_none() {
-        //     0
-        // } else {
-        //     previous.unwrap().encoderIndex
-        // };
-        //   int previousEncoderIndex = previous == null ? 0 : previous.encoderIndex;
-        // if previousEncoderIndex != encoderIndex {
-        //     size += COST_PER_ECI;
-        // }
-        // if prev_is_some {
-        //     size += previous.unwrap().cachedTotalSize;
-        // }
-
-        // Self {
-        //     c: if c == fnc1 { 1000 as char } else { c },
-        //     encoderIndex,
-        //     previous: previous,
-        //     cachedTotalSize: size,
-        // }
-        //   this.c = c == fnc1 ? 1000 : c;
-        //   this.encoderIndex = encoderIndex;
-        //   this.previous = previous;
-        //   this.cachedTotalSize = size;
-    }
-
-    pub fn isFNC1(&self) -> bool {
-        self.c == "\u{1000}"
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for MinimalECIInput {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let mut result = String::new();
-        for i in 0..self.length() {
-            // for (int i = 0; i < length(); i++) {
-            if i > 0 {
-                result.push_str(", ");
-            }
-            if self.isECI(i as u32).unwrap() {
-                result.push_str("ECI(");
-                result.push_str(&self.getECIValue(i).unwrap().to_string());
-                result.push(')');
-            } else if (self.charAt(i).unwrap() as u8) < 128 {
-                result.push('\'');
-                result.push(self.charAt(i).unwrap());
-                result.push('\'');
-            } else {
-                result.push(self.charAt(i).unwrap());
-            }
-        }
-        write!(f, "{}", result)
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2009 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import com.google.zxing.Binarizer;
-// import com.google.zxing.LuminanceSource;
-// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
-
-/**
- * This Binarizer implementation uses the old ZXing global histogram approach. It is suitable
- * for low-end mobile devices which don't have enough CPU or memory to use a local thresholding
- * algorithm. However, because it picks a global black point, it cannot handle difficult shadows
- * and gradients.
- *
- * Faster mobile devices and all desktop applications should probably use HybridBinarizer instead.
- *
- * @author dswitkin@google.com (Daniel Switkin)
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-pub struct GlobalHistogramBinarizer {
-    luminances: Vec<u8>,
-    buckets: Vec<u32>,
-    width: usize,
-    height: usize,
-    source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>,
-}
-
-impl Binarizer for GlobalHistogramBinarizer {
-    fn getLuminanceSource(&self) -> &Box<dyn LuminanceSource> {
-        &self.source
-    }
-
-    // Applies simple sharpening to the row data to improve performance of the 1D Readers.
-    fn getBlackRow(&self, y: usize, row: &mut BitArray) -> Result<BitArray, Exceptions> {
-        let source = self.getLuminanceSource();
-        let width = source.getWidth();
-        let mut row = if row.getSize() < width {
-            BitArray::with_size(width)
-        } else {
-            let mut z = row.clone();
-            z.clear();
-            z
-        };
-
-        // self.initArrays(width);
-        let localLuminances = source.getRow(y, &self.luminances);
-        let mut localBuckets = self.buckets.clone();
-        for x in 0..width {
-            // for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-            localBuckets
-                [((localLuminances[x]) >> GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_SHIFT) as usize] += 1;
-        }
-        let blackPoint = self.estimateBlackPoint(&localBuckets)?;
-
-        if width < 3 {
-            // Special case for very small images
-            for x in 0..width {
-                //   for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-                if (localLuminances[x] as u32) < blackPoint {
-                    row.set(x);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            let mut left = localLuminances[0]; // & 0xff;
-            let mut center = localLuminances[1]; // & 0xff;
-            for x in 1..width - 1 {
-                //   for (int x = 1; x < width - 1; x++) {
-                let right = localLuminances[x + 1] & 0xff;
-                // A simple -1 4 -1 box filter with a weight of 2.
-                if ((center * 4) - left - right) as u32 / 2 < blackPoint {
-                    row.set(x);
-                }
-                left = center;
-                center = right;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(row)
-    }
-
-    // Does not sharpen the data, as this call is intended to only be used by 2D Readers.
-    fn getBlackMatrix(&self) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
-        let source = self.getLuminanceSource();
-        let width = source.getWidth();
-        let height = source.getHeight();
-        let mut matrix = BitMatrix::new(width as u32, height as u32)?;
-
-        // Quickly calculates the histogram by sampling four rows from the image. This proved to be
-        // more robust on the blackbox tests than sampling a diagonal as we used to do.
-        // self.initArrays(width);
-        let mut localBuckets = self.buckets.clone();
-        for y in 1..5 {
-            // for (int y = 1; y < 5; y++) {
-            let row = height * y / 5;
-            let localLuminances = source.getRow(row, &self.luminances);
-            let right = (width * 4) / 5;
-            let mut x = width / 5;
-            while x < right {
-                //   for (int x = width / 5; x < right; x++) {
-                let pixel = localLuminances[x];
-                localBuckets[(pixel >> GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_SHIFT) as usize] += 1;
-                x += 1;
-            }
-        }
-        let blackPoint = self.estimateBlackPoint(&localBuckets)?;
-
-        // We delay reading the entire image luminance until the black point estimation succeeds.
-        // Although we end up reading four rows twice, it is consistent with our motto of
-        // "fail quickly" which is necessary for continuous scanning.
-        let localLuminances = source.getMatrix();
-        for y in 0..height {
-            // for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
-            let offset = y * width;
-            for x in 0..width {
-                //   for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
-                let pixel = localLuminances[offset + x] & 0xff;
-                if (pixel as u32) < blackPoint {
-                    matrix.set(x as u32, y as u32);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(matrix)
-    }
-
-    fn createBinarizer(&self, source: Box<dyn crate::LuminanceSource>) -> Box<dyn Binarizer> {
-        return Box::new(GlobalHistogramBinarizer::new(source));
-    }
-
-    fn getWidth(&self) -> usize {
-        self.width
-    }
-
-    fn getHeight(&self) -> usize {
-        self.height
-    }
-}
-
-impl GlobalHistogramBinarizer {
-    const LUMINANCE_BITS: usize = 5;
-    const LUMINANCE_SHIFT: usize = 8 - GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BITS;
-    const LUMINANCE_BUCKETS: usize = 1 << GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BITS;
-    const EMPTY: [u8; 0] = [0; 0];
-
-    pub fn new(source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            luminances: vec![0; source.getWidth()],
-            buckets: vec![0; GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BUCKETS],
-            width: source.getWidth(),
-            height: source.getHeight(),
-            source: source,
-        }
-    }
-
-    // fn initArrays(&mut self, luminanceSize: usize) {
-    //     // if self.luminances.len() < luminanceSize {
-    //     //     self.luminances = ;
-    //     // }
-    //     // // for x in 0..GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_BUCKETS {
-    //     //     // for (int x = 0; x < LUMINANCE_BUCKETS; x++) {
-    //     //     self.buckets[x] = 0;
-    //     // }
-    // }
-
-    fn estimateBlackPoint(&self, buckets: &[u32]) -> Result<u32, Exceptions> {
-        // Find the tallest peak in the histogram.
-        let numBuckets = buckets.len();
-        let mut maxBucketCount = 0;
-        let mut firstPeak = 0;
-        let mut firstPeakSize = 0;
-        for x in 0..numBuckets {
-            // for (int x = 0; x < numBuckets; x++) {
-            if buckets[x] > firstPeakSize {
-                firstPeak = x;
-                firstPeakSize = buckets[x];
-            }
-            if buckets[x] > maxBucketCount {
-                maxBucketCount = buckets[x];
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Find the second-tallest peak which is somewhat far from the tallest peak.
-        let mut secondPeak = 0;
-        let mut secondPeakScore = 0;
-        for x in 0..numBuckets {
-            // for (int x = 0; x < numBuckets; x++) {
-            let distanceToBiggest = x - firstPeak;
-            // Encourage more distant second peaks by multiplying by square of distance.
-            let score = buckets[x] * distanceToBiggest as u32 * distanceToBiggest as u32;
-            if score > secondPeakScore {
-                secondPeak = x;
-                secondPeakScore = score;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Make sure firstPeak corresponds to the black peak.
-        if firstPeak > secondPeak {
-            let temp = firstPeak;
-            firstPeak = secondPeak;
-            secondPeak = temp;
-        }
-
-        // If there is too little contrast in the image to pick a meaningful black point, throw rather
-        // than waste time trying to decode the image, and risk false positives.
-        if secondPeak - firstPeak <= numBuckets / 16 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::NotFoundException(
-                "secondPeak - firstPeak <= numBuckets / 16 ".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        // Find a valley between them that is low and closer to the white peak.
-        let mut bestValley = secondPeak - 1;
-        let mut bestValleyScore = -1i32;
-        let mut x = secondPeak;
-        while x > firstPeak {
-            // for (int x = secondPeak - 1; x > firstPeak; x--) {
-            let fromFirst = x - firstPeak;
-            let score =
-                fromFirst * fromFirst * (secondPeak - x) * (maxBucketCount - buckets[x]) as usize;
-            if score as i32 > bestValleyScore {
-                bestValley = x;
-                bestValleyScore = score as i32;
-            }
-            x -= 1;
-        }
-
-        Ok((bestValley as u32) << GlobalHistogramBinarizer::LUMINANCE_SHIFT)
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2009 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-// package com.google.zxing.common;
-
-// import com.google.zxing.Binarizer;
-// import com.google.zxing.LuminanceSource;
-// import com.google.zxing.NotFoundException;
-
-/**
- * This class implements a local thresholding algorithm, which while slower than the
- * GlobalHistogramBinarizer, is fairly efficient for what it does. It is designed for
- * high frequency images of barcodes with black data on white backgrounds. For this application,
- * it does a much better job than a global blackpoint with severe shadows and gradients.
- * However it tends to produce artifacts on lower frequency images and is therefore not
- * a good general purpose binarizer for uses outside ZXing.
- *
- * This class extends GlobalHistogramBinarizer, using the older histogram approach for 1D readers,
- * and the newer local approach for 2D readers. 1D decoding using a per-row histogram is already
- * inherently local, and only fails for horizontal gradients. We can revisit that problem later,
- * but for now it was not a win to use local blocks for 1D.
- *
- * This Binarizer is the default for the unit tests and the recommended class for library users.
- *
- * @author dswitkin@google.com (Daniel Switkin)
- */
-pub struct HybridBinarizer {
-    //width: usize,
-    //height: usize,
-    //source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>,
-    ghb: GlobalHistogramBinarizer,
-    // matrix :Option<BitMatrix>,
-}
-impl Binarizer for HybridBinarizer {
-    fn getLuminanceSource(&self) -> &Box<dyn LuminanceSource> {
-        self.ghb.getLuminanceSource()
-    }
-
-    fn getBlackRow(&self, y: usize, row: &mut BitArray) -> Result<BitArray, Exceptions> {
-        self.ghb.getBlackRow(y, row)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Calculates the final BitMatrix once for all requests. This could be called once from the
-     * constructor instead, but there are some advantages to doing it lazily, such as making
-     * profiling easier, and not doing heavy lifting when callers don't expect it.
-     */
-    fn getBlackMatrix(&self) -> Result<BitMatrix, Exceptions> {
-        // if self.matrix.is_some() {
-        //     return Ok(self.matrix.clone().unwrap())
-        //   }
-        let matrix;
-        let source = self.getLuminanceSource();
-        let width = source.getWidth();
-        let height = source.getHeight();
-        if width >= HybridBinarizer::MINIMUM_DIMENSION
-            && height >= HybridBinarizer::MINIMUM_DIMENSION
-        {
-            let luminances = source.getMatrix();
-            let mut sub_width = width >> HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
-            if (width & HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_MASK) != 0 {
-                sub_width += 1;
-            }
-            let mut sub_height = height >> HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
-            if (height & HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_MASK) != 0 {
-                sub_height += 1;
-            }
-            let black_points = Self::calculateBlackPoints(
-                &luminances,
-                sub_width as u32,
-                sub_height as u32,
-                width as u32,
-                height as u32,
-            );
-
-            let mut new_matrix = BitMatrix::new(width as u32, height as u32)?;
-            Self::calculateThresholdForBlock(
-                &luminances,
-                sub_width as u32,
-                sub_height as u32,
-                width as u32,
-                height as u32,
-                &black_points,
-                &mut new_matrix,
-            );
-            matrix = new_matrix;
-        } else {
-            // If the image is too small, fall back to the global histogram approach.
-            matrix = self.ghb.getBlackMatrix()?;
-        }
-        //  dbg!(matrix.to_string());
-        Ok(matrix)
-    }
-
-    fn createBinarizer(&self, source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>) -> Box<dyn Binarizer> {
-        Box::new(HybridBinarizer::new(source))
-    }
-
-    fn getWidth(&self) -> usize {
-        self.ghb.getWidth()
-    }
-
-    fn getHeight(&self) -> usize {
-        self.ghb.getHeight()
-    }
-}
-impl HybridBinarizer {
-    // This class uses 5x5 blocks to compute local luminance, where each block is 8x8 pixels.
-    // So this is the smallest dimension in each axis we can accept.
-    const BLOCK_SIZE_POWER: usize = 3;
-    const BLOCK_SIZE: usize = 1 << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER; // ...0100...00
-    const BLOCK_SIZE_MASK: usize = HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE - 1; // ...0011...11
-    const MINIMUM_DIMENSION: usize = HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE * 5;
-    const MIN_DYNAMIC_RANGE: usize = 24;
-
-    pub fn new(source: Box<dyn LuminanceSource>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ghb: GlobalHistogramBinarizer::new(source),
-            // matrix: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * For each block in the image, calculate the average black point using a 5x5 grid
-     * of the blocks around it. Also handles the corner cases (fractional blocks are computed based
-     * on the last pixels in the row/column which are also used in the previous block).
-     */
-    fn calculateThresholdForBlock(
-        luminances: &[u8],
-        sub_width: u32,
-        sub_height: u32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-        black_points: &Vec<Vec<u32>>,
-        matrix: &mut BitMatrix,
-    ) {
-        let maxYOffset = height - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE as u32;
-        let maxXOffset = width - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE as u32;
-        for y in 0..sub_height {
-            // for (int y = 0; y < subHeight; y++) {
-            let mut yoffset = y << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
-            if yoffset > maxYOffset {
-                yoffset = maxYOffset;
-            }
-            let top = Self::cap(y, sub_height - 3);
-            for x in 0..sub_width {
-                //   for (int x = 0; x < subWidth; x++) {
-                let mut xoffset = x << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
-                if xoffset > maxXOffset {
-                    xoffset = maxXOffset;
-                }
-                let left = Self::cap(x, sub_width - 3);
-                let mut sum = 0;
-                for z in -2i32..=2 {
-                    // for (int z = -2; z <= 2; z++) {
-                    let blackRow = &black_points[(top as i32 + z) as usize];
-                    sum += blackRow[(left - 2) as usize]
-                        + blackRow[(left - 1) as usize]
-                        + blackRow[left as usize]
-                        + blackRow[(left + 1) as usize]
-                        + blackRow[(left + 2) as usize];
-                }
-                let average = sum / 25;
-                Self::thresholdBlock(luminances, xoffset, yoffset, average, width, matrix);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn cap(value: u32, max: u32) -> u32 {
-        if value < 2 {
-            2
-        } else {
-            value.min(max)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Applies a single threshold to a block of pixels.
-     */
-    fn thresholdBlock(
-        luminances: &[u8],
-        xoffset: u32,
-        yoffset: u32,
-        threshold: u32,
-        stride: u32,
-        matrix: &mut BitMatrix,
-    ) {
-        let mut offset = yoffset * stride + xoffset;
-        for y in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
-            // for (int y = 0, offset = yoffset * stride + xoffset; y < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; y++, offset += stride) {
-            for x in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
-                //   for (int x = 0; x < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; x++) {
-                // Comparison needs to be <= so that black == 0 pixels are black even if the threshold is 0.
-                if luminances[offset as usize + x] as u32 <= threshold {
-                    matrix.set(xoffset + x as u32, yoffset + y as u32);
-                }
-            }
-            offset += stride;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Calculates a single black point for each block of pixels and saves it away.
-     * See the following thread for a discussion of this algorithm:
-     *  http://groups.google.com/group/zxing/browse_thread/thread/d06efa2c35a7ddc0
-     */
-    fn calculateBlackPoints(
-        luminances: &[u8],
-        subWidth: u32,
-        subHeight: u32,
-        width: u32,
-        height: u32,
-    ) -> Vec<Vec<u32>> {
-        let maxYOffset = height as usize - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE;
-        let maxXOffset = width as usize - HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE;
-        let mut blackPoints = vec![vec![0; subWidth as usize]; subHeight as usize];
-        for y in 0..subHeight {
-            // for (int y = 0; y < subHeight; y++) {
-            let mut yoffset = y << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
-            if yoffset > maxYOffset as u32 {
-                yoffset = maxYOffset as u32;
-            }
-            for x in 0..subWidth {
-                //   for (int x = 0; x < subWidth; x++) {
-                let mut xoffset = x << HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER;
-                if xoffset > maxXOffset as u32 {
-                    xoffset = maxXOffset as u32;
-                }
-                let mut sum = 0u32;
-                let mut min = 0xff;
-                let mut max = 0;
-
-                let mut offset = yoffset * width + xoffset;
-                let mut yy = 0;
-                while yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
-                    // for (int yy = 0, offset = yoffset * width + xoffset; yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; yy++, offset += width) {
-                    for xx in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
-                        //   for (int xx = 0; xx < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; xx++) {
-                        let pixel = luminances[offset as usize + xx];
-                        sum += pixel as u32;
-                        // still looking for good contrast
-                        if pixel < min {
-                            min = pixel;
-                        }
-                        if pixel > max {
-                            max = pixel;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    // short-circuit min/max tests once dynamic range is met
-                    if (max - min) as usize > HybridBinarizer::MIN_DYNAMIC_RANGE {
-                        // finish the rest of the rows quickly
-                        offset += width;
-                        yy += 1;
-                        while yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
-                            // for (yy++, offset += width; yy < HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE; yy++, offset += width) {
-                            for xx in 0..HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE {
-                                //   for (int xx = 0; xx < BLOCK_SIZE; xx++) {
-                                sum += luminances[offset as usize + xx] as u32;
-                            }
-                            yy += 1;
-                            offset += width;
-                        }
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    yy += 1;
-                    offset += width;
-                }
-
-                // The default estimate is the average of the values in the block.
-                let mut average = sum >> (HybridBinarizer::BLOCK_SIZE_POWER * 2);
-                if (max - min) as usize <= HybridBinarizer::MIN_DYNAMIC_RANGE {
-                    // If variation within the block is low, assume this is a block with only light or only
-                    // dark pixels. In that case we do not want to use the average, as it would divide this
-                    // low contrast area into black and white pixels, essentially creating data out of noise.
-                    //
-                    // The default assumption is that the block is light/background. Since no estimate for
-                    // the level of dark pixels exists locally, use half the min for the block.
-                    average = min as u32 / 2;
-
-                    if y > 0 && x > 0 {
-                        // Correct the "white background" assumption for blocks that have neighbors by comparing
-                        // the pixels in this block to the previously calculated black points. This is based on
-                        // the fact that dark barcode symbology is always surrounded by some amount of light
-                        // background for which reasonable black point estimates were made. The bp estimated at
-                        // the boundaries is used for the interior.
-
-                        // The (min < bp) is arbitrary but works better than other heuristics that were tried.
-                        let average_neighbor_black_point: u32 = (blackPoints[y as usize - 1]
-                            [x as usize]
-                            + (2 * blackPoints[y as usize][x as usize - 1])
-                            + blackPoints[y as usize - 1][x as usize - 1])
-                            / 4;
-                        if (min as u32) < average_neighbor_black_point {
-                            average = average_neighbor_black_point;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                blackPoints[y as usize][x as usize] = average;
-            }
-        }
-        blackPoints
-    }
-}
+mod hybrid_binarizer;
+pub use hybrid_binarizer::*;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/perspective_transform.rs b/src/common/perspective_transform.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3584d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/perspective_transform.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+/**
+ * <p>This class implements a perspective transform in two dimensions. Given four source and four
+ * destination points, it will compute the transformation implied between them. The code is based
+ * directly upon section 3.4.2 of George Wolberg's "Digital Image Warping"; see pages 54-56.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+pub struct PerspectiveTransform {
+    a11: f32,
+    a12: f32,
+    a13: f32,
+    a21: f32,
+    a22: f32,
+    a23: f32,
+    a31: f32,
+    a32: f32,
+    a33: f32,
+}
+
+impl PerspectiveTransform {
+    fn new(
+        a11: f32,
+        a21: f32,
+        a31: f32,
+        a12: f32,
+        a22: f32,
+        a32: f32,
+        a13: f32,
+        a23: f32,
+        a33: f32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            a11,
+            a12,
+            a13,
+            a21,
+            a22,
+            a23,
+            a31,
+            a32,
+            a33,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn quadrilateralToQuadrilateral(
+        x0: f32,
+        y0: f32,
+        x1: f32,
+        y1: f32,
+        x2: f32,
+        y2: f32,
+        x3: f32,
+        y3: f32,
+        x0p: f32,
+        y0p: f32,
+        x1p: f32,
+        y1p: f32,
+        x2p: f32,
+        y2p: f32,
+        x3p: f32,
+        y3p: f32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let q_to_s = PerspectiveTransform::quadrilateralToSquare(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3);
+        let s_to_q =
+            PerspectiveTransform::squareToQuadrilateral(x0p, y0p, x1p, y1p, x2p, y2p, x3p, y3p);
+        return s_to_q.times(&q_to_s);
+    }
+
+    pub fn transform_points_single(&self, points: &mut [f32]) {
+        let a11 = self.a11;
+        let a12 = self.a12;
+        let a13 = self.a13;
+        let a21 = self.a21;
+        let a22 = self.a22;
+        let a23 = self.a23;
+        let a31 = self.a31;
+        let a32 = self.a32;
+        let a33 = self.a33;
+        let maxI = points.len() - 1; // points.length must be even
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < maxI {
+            // for (int i = 0; i < maxI; i += 2) {
+            let x = points[i];
+            let y = points[i + 1];
+            let denominator = a13 * x + a23 * y + a33;
+            points[i] = (a11 * x + a21 * y + a31) / denominator;
+            points[i + 1] = (a12 * x + a22 * y + a32) / denominator;
+            i += 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn transform_points_double(&self, x_values: &mut [f32], y_valuess: &mut [f32]) {
+        let n = x_values.len();
+        for i in 0..n {
+            // for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            let x = x_values[i];
+            let y = y_valuess[i];
+            let denominator = self.a13 * x + self.a23 * y + self.a33;
+            x_values[i] = (self.a11 * x + self.a21 * y + self.a31) / denominator;
+            y_valuess[i] = (self.a12 * x + self.a22 * y + self.a32) / denominator;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn squareToQuadrilateral(
+        x0: f32,
+        y0: f32,
+        x1: f32,
+        y1: f32,
+        x2: f32,
+        y2: f32,
+        x3: f32,
+        y3: f32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let dx3 = x0 - x1 + x2 - x3;
+        let dy3 = y0 - y1 + y2 - y3;
+        if dx3 == 0.0f32 && dy3 == 0.0f32 {
+            // Affine
+            return PerspectiveTransform::new(
+                x1 - x0,
+                x2 - x1,
+                x0,
+                y1 - y0,
+                y2 - y1,
+                y0,
+                0.0f32,
+                0.0f32,
+                1.0f32,
+            );
+        } else {
+            let dx1 = x1 - x2;
+            let dx2 = x3 - x2;
+            let dy1 = y1 - y2;
+            let dy2 = y3 - y2;
+            let denominator = dx1 * dy2 - dx2 * dy1;
+            let a13 = (dx3 * dy2 - dx2 * dy3) / denominator;
+            let a23 = (dx1 * dy3 - dx3 * dy1) / denominator;
+            return PerspectiveTransform::new(
+                x1 - x0 + a13 * x1,
+                x3 - x0 + a23 * x3,
+                x0,
+                y1 - y0 + a13 * y1,
+                y3 - y0 + a23 * y3,
+                y0,
+                a13,
+                a23,
+                1.0f32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn quadrilateralToSquare(
+        x0: f32,
+        y0: f32,
+        x1: f32,
+        y1: f32,
+        x2: f32,
+        y2: f32,
+        x3: f32,
+        y3: f32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // Here, the adjoint serves as the inverse
+        return PerspectiveTransform::squareToQuadrilateral(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
+            .buildAdjoint();
+    }
+
+    fn buildAdjoint(&self) -> Self {
+        // Adjoint is the transpose of the cofactor matrix:
+        return PerspectiveTransform::new(
+            self.a22 * self.a33 - self.a23 * self.a32,
+            self.a23 * self.a31 - self.a21 * self.a33,
+            self.a21 * self.a32 - self.a22 * self.a31,
+            self.a13 * self.a32 - self.a12 * self.a33,
+            self.a11 * self.a33 - self.a13 * self.a31,
+            self.a12 * self.a31 - self.a11 * self.a32,
+            self.a12 * self.a23 - self.a13 * self.a22,
+            self.a13 * self.a21 - self.a11 * self.a23,
+            self.a11 * self.a22 - self.a12 * self.a21,
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn times(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+        return PerspectiveTransform::new(
+            self.a11 * other.a11 + self.a21 * other.a12 + self.a31 * other.a13,
+            self.a11 * other.a21 + self.a21 * other.a22 + self.a31 * other.a23,
+            self.a11 * other.a31 + self.a21 * other.a32 + self.a31 * other.a33,
+            self.a12 * other.a11 + self.a22 * other.a12 + self.a32 * other.a13,
+            self.a12 * other.a21 + self.a22 * other.a22 + self.a32 * other.a23,
+            self.a12 * other.a31 + self.a22 * other.a32 + self.a32 * other.a33,
+            self.a13 * other.a11 + self.a23 * other.a12 + self.a33 * other.a13,
+            self.a13 * other.a21 + self.a23 * other.a22 + self.a33 * other.a23,
+            self.a13 * other.a31 + self.a23 * other.a32 + self.a33 * other.a33,
+        );
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/reedsolomon/generic_gf.rs b/src/common/reedsolomon/generic_gf.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bdfdbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/reedsolomon/generic_gf.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{GenericGFRef, GenericGFPoly};
+
+/**
+ * <p>This class contains utility methods for performing mathematical operations over
+ * the Galois Fields. Operations use a given primitive polynomial in calculations.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Throughout this package, elements of the GF are represented as an {@code int}
+ * for convenience and speed (but at the cost of memory).
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ * @author David Olivier
+ */
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct GenericGF {
+    expTable: Vec<i32>,
+    logTable: Vec<i32>,
+    // zero: Box<GenericGFPoly>,
+    // one: Box<GenericGFPoly>,
+    size: usize,
+    primitive: i32,
+    generatorBase: i32,
+}
+
+impl GenericGF {
+    /**
+     * Create a representation of GF(size) using the given primitive polynomial.
+     *
+     * @param primitive irreducible polynomial whose coefficients are represented by
+     *  the bits of an int, where the least-significant bit represents the constant
+     *  coefficient
+     * @param size the size of the field
+     * @param b the factor b in the generator polynomial can be 0- or 1-based
+     *  (g(x) = (x+a^b)(x+a^(b+1))...(x+a^(b+2t-1))).
+     *  In most cases it should be 1, but for QR code it is 0.
+     */
+    pub fn new(primitive: i32, size: usize, b: i32) -> Self {
+        let mut expTable = vec![0; size];
+        let mut logTable = vec![0; size];
+        let mut x = 1;
+        for i in 0..size {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            //expTable.push(x);
+            expTable[i] = x;
+            x *= 2; // we're assuming the generator alpha is 2
+            if x >= size as i32 {
+                x ^= primitive;
+                let sz_m_1: i32 = size as i32 - 1;
+                x &= sz_m_1;
+            }
+        }
+        for i in 0..size - 1 {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
+            let loc: usize = expTable[i] as usize;
+            logTable[loc] = i as i32;
+        }
+        logTable[0] = 0;
+
+        //     let mut p:u32;
+        // //int i;
+        // /*Initialize the table of powers of a primtive root, alpha=0x02.*/
+        // p = 1;
+        // for i in 0..size {
+        // // for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        //     expTable[i] = expTable[i + size - 1] = p;
+        // p = ((p << 1) ^ (-(p as i32 >> 7) & primitive) as u32) & 0xFF;
+        // }
+        // /*Invert the table to recover the logs.*/
+        // for i in 0..size-1 {
+        // // for (i = 0; i < 255; i++)
+        // logTable[expTable[i].try_into().unwrap()] = i;
+        // /*Note that we rely on the fact that _gf->log[0]=0 below.*/
+        Self {
+            expTable,
+            logTable,
+            size,
+            primitive,
+            generatorBase: b,
+        }
+
+        // logTable[0] == 0 but this should never be used
+        // new_ggf.zero = Box::new(GenericGFPoly::new(Box::new(new_ggf), &vec![0]).unwrap());
+        // new_ggf.one = Box::new(GenericGFPoly::new(Box::new(new_ggf), &vec![1]).unwrap());
+
+        //new_ggf
+    }
+
+    // pub fn getZero(&self) -> Box<GenericGFPoly> {
+    //     return self.zero;
+    // }
+
+    // pub fn getOne(&self) -> Box<GenericGFPoly> {
+    //     return self.one;
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the monomial representing coefficient * x^degree
+     */
+    pub fn buildMonomial(source: GenericGFRef, degree: usize, coefficient: i32) -> GenericGFPoly {
+        if coefficient == 0 {
+            return GenericGFPoly::new(source, &vec![0]).unwrap();
+        }
+        let mut coefficients = vec![0; degree + 1];
+        coefficients[0] = coefficient;
+        return GenericGFPoly::new(source, &coefficients).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Implements both addition and subtraction -- they are the same in GF(size).
+     *
+     * @return sum/difference of a and b
+     */
+    pub fn addOrSubtract(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
+        return a ^ b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return 2 to the power of a in GF(size)
+     */
+    pub fn exp(&self, a: i32) -> i32 {
+        // let pos: usize = a.try_into().unwrap();
+        return self.expTable[a as usize];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return base 2 log of a in GF(size)
+     */
+    pub fn log(&self, a: i32) -> Result<i32, Exceptions> {
+        if a == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException("".to_owned()));
+        }
+        // let pos: usize = a.try_into().unwrap();
+        return Ok(self.logTable[a as usize]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return multiplicative inverse of a
+     */
+    pub fn inverse(&self, a: i32) -> Result<i32, Exceptions> {
+        if a == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::ArithmeticException("".to_owned()));
+        }
+        let log_t_loc: usize = a as usize;
+        let loc: usize = ((self.size as i32) - self.logTable[log_t_loc] - 1) as usize;
+        return Ok(self.expTable[loc]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return product of a and b in GF(size)
+     */
+    pub fn multiply(&self, a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
+        if a == 0 || b == 0 {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        let a_loc: usize = a as usize; //.try_into().unwrap();
+        let b_loc: usize = b as usize; //.try_into().unwrap();
+        let comb_loc: usize = (self.logTable[a_loc] + self.logTable[b_loc]) as usize;
+        return self.expTable[comb_loc % (self.size - 1)];
+    }
+
+    pub fn getSize(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.size;
+    }
+
+    pub fn getGeneratorBase(&self) -> i32 {
+        return self.generatorBase;
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for GenericGF {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "GF({:#06x},{}", self.primitive, self.size)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/reedsolomon/generic_gf_poly.rs b/src/common/reedsolomon/generic_gf_poly.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f9f53b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/reedsolomon/generic_gf_poly.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common.reedsolomon;
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{GenericGFRef, GenericGF};
+
+/**
+ * <p>Represents a polynomial whose coefficients are elements of a GF.
+ * Instances of this class are immutable.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Much credit is due to William Rucklidge since portions of this code are an indirect
+ * port of his C++ Reed-Solomon implementation.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ */
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct GenericGFPoly {
+    field: GenericGFRef,
+    coefficients: Vec<i32>,
+}
+
+impl GenericGFPoly {
+    /**
+     * @param field the {@link GenericGF} instance representing the field to use
+     * to perform computations
+     * @param coefficients coefficients as ints representing elements of GF(size), arranged
+     * from most significant (highest-power term) coefficient to least significant
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if argument is null or empty,
+     * or if leading coefficient is 0 and this is not a
+     * constant polynomial (that is, it is not the monomial "0")
+     */
+    pub fn new(field: GenericGFRef, coefficients: &Vec<i32>) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
+        if coefficients.len() == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "coefficients.len()".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            field: field,
+            coefficients: {
+                let coefficients_length = coefficients.len();
+                if coefficients_length > 1 && coefficients[0] == 0 {
+                    // Leading term must be non-zero for anything except the constant polynomial "0"
+                    let mut first_non_zero = 1;
+                    while first_non_zero < coefficients_length && coefficients[first_non_zero] == 0
+                    {
+                        first_non_zero += 1;
+                    }
+                    if first_non_zero == coefficients_length {
+                        vec![0]
+                    } else {
+                        let mut new_coefficients = vec![0; coefficients_length - first_non_zero];
+                        let l = new_coefficients.len() - 1;
+                        new_coefficients[0..=l].clone_from_slice(&coefficients[first_non_zero..]);
+                        // System.arraycopy(coefficients,
+                        //     firstNonZero,
+                        //     this.coefficients,
+                        //     0,
+                        //     this.coefficients.length);
+                        new_coefficients
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    coefficients.to_vec()
+                }
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn getCoefficients(&self) -> &Vec<i32> {
+        return &self.coefficients;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return degree of this polynomial
+     */
+    pub fn getDegree(&self) -> usize {
+        return self.coefficients.len() - 1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true iff this polynomial is the monomial "0"
+     */
+    pub fn isZero(&self) -> bool {
+        return self.coefficients[0] == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return coefficient of x^degree term in this polynomial
+     */
+    pub fn getCoefficient(&self, degree: usize) -> i32 {
+        return self.coefficients[self.coefficients.len() - 1 - degree];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return evaluation of this polynomial at a given point
+     */
+    pub fn evaluateAt(&self, a: usize) -> i32 {
+        if a == 0 {
+            // Just return the x^0 coefficient
+            return self.getCoefficient(0);
+        }
+        if a == 1 {
+            // Just the sum of the coefficients
+            let mut result = 0;
+            for coefficient in &self.coefficients {
+                //for (int coefficient : coefficients) {
+                result = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(result, *coefficient);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        let mut result = self.coefficients[0];
+        let size = self.coefficients.len();
+        for i in 1..size {
+            //for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
+            result = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(
+                self.field.multiply(a as i32, result as i32),
+                self.coefficients[i],
+            );
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    pub fn addOrSubtract(&self, other: &GenericGFPoly) -> Result<GenericGFPoly, Exceptions> {
+        if self.field != other.field {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "GenericGFPolys do not have same GenericGF field".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if self.isZero() {
+            return Ok(other.clone());
+        }
+        if other.isZero() {
+            return Ok(self.clone());
+        }
+
+        let mut smallerCoefficients = self.coefficients.clone();
+        let mut largerCoefficients = other.coefficients.clone();
+        if smallerCoefficients.len() > largerCoefficients.len() {
+            let temp = smallerCoefficients;
+            smallerCoefficients = largerCoefficients;
+            largerCoefficients = temp;
+        }
+
+        let mut sumDiff = vec![0; largerCoefficients.len()];
+        let lengthDiff = largerCoefficients.len() - smallerCoefficients.len();
+        // Copy high-order terms only found in higher-degree polynomial's coefficients
+        sumDiff[0..lengthDiff].clone_from_slice(&largerCoefficients[0..lengthDiff]);
+        //System.arraycopy(largerCoefficients, 0, sumDiff, 0, lengthDiff);
+
+        for i in lengthDiff..largerCoefficients.len() {
+            //for (int i = lengthDiff; i < largerCoefficients.length; i++) {
+            sumDiff[i] = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(
+                smallerCoefficients[i - lengthDiff],
+                largerCoefficients[i],
+            );
+        }
+
+        return Ok(GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &sumDiff)?);
+    }
+
+    pub fn multiply(&self, other: &GenericGFPoly) -> Result<GenericGFPoly, Exceptions> {
+        if self.field != other.field {
+            //if (!field.equals(other.field)) {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "GenericGFPolys do not have same GenericGF field".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if self.isZero() || other.isZero() {
+            return Ok(self.getZero());
+        }
+        let aCoefficients = self.coefficients.clone();
+        let aLength = aCoefficients.len();
+        let bCoefficients = other.coefficients.clone();
+        let bLength = bCoefficients.len();
+        let mut product = vec![0; aLength + bLength - 1];
+        for i in 0..aLength {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < aLength; i++) {
+            let aCoeff = aCoefficients[i];
+            for j in 0..bLength {
+                //for (int j = 0; j < bLength; j++) {
+                product[i + j] = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(
+                    product[i + j],
+                    self.field.multiply(aCoeff, bCoefficients[j]),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        return Ok(GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &product)?);
+    }
+
+    pub fn multiply_with_scalar(&self, scalar: i32) -> GenericGFPoly {
+        if scalar == 0 {
+            return self.getZero();
+        }
+        if scalar == 1 {
+            return self.clone();
+        }
+        let size = self.coefficients.len();
+
+        let mut product = vec![0; size];
+        for i in 0..size {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            product[i] = self.field.multiply(self.coefficients[i], scalar);
+        }
+        return GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &product).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    pub fn getZero(&self) -> Self {
+        GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &vec![0]).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn getOne(&self) -> Self {
+        GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &vec![1]).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn multiply_by_monomial(
+        &self,
+        degree: usize,
+        coefficient: i32,
+    ) -> Result<GenericGFPoly, Exceptions> {
+        if coefficient == 0 {
+            return Ok(self.getZero());
+        }
+        let size = self.coefficients.len();
+        let mut product = vec![0; size + degree];
+        for i in 0..size {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            product[i] = self.field.multiply(self.coefficients[i], coefficient);
+        }
+        return Ok(GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &product)?);
+    }
+
+    pub fn divide(
+        &self,
+        other: &GenericGFPoly,
+    ) -> Result<(GenericGFPoly, GenericGFPoly), Exceptions> {
+        if self.field != other.field {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "GenericGFPolys do not have same GenericGF field".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        if other.isZero() {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Divide by 0".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let mut quotient = self.getZero();
+        let mut remainder = self.clone();
+
+        let denominator_leading_term = other.getCoefficient(other.getDegree());
+        let inverse_denominator_leading_term = match self.field.inverse(denominator_leading_term) {
+            Ok(val) => val,
+            Err(_issue) => {
+                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "arithmetic issue".to_owned(),
+                ))
+            }
+        };
+
+        while remainder.getDegree() >= other.getDegree() && !remainder.isZero() {
+            let degree_difference = remainder.getDegree() - other.getDegree();
+            let scale = self.field.multiply(
+                remainder.getCoefficient(remainder.getDegree()),
+                inverse_denominator_leading_term,
+            );
+            let term = other.multiply_by_monomial(degree_difference, scale)?;
+            let iteration_quotient = GenericGF::buildMonomial(self.field, degree_difference, scale);
+            quotient = quotient.addOrSubtract(&iteration_quotient)?;
+            remainder = remainder.addOrSubtract(&term)?;
+        }
+
+        return Ok((quotient, remainder));
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for GenericGFPoly {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.isZero() {
+            return write!(f, "0");
+        }
+        let mut result = String::with_capacity(8 * self.getDegree());
+        for degree in (0..=self.getDegree()).rev() {
+            //for (int degree = getDegree(); degree >= 0; degree--) {
+            let mut coefficient = self.getCoefficient(degree);
+            if coefficient != 0 {
+                if coefficient < 0 {
+                    if degree == self.getDegree() {
+                        result.push_str("-");
+                    } else {
+                        result.push_str(" - ");
+                    }
+                    coefficient = -coefficient;
+                } else {
+                    if result.len() > 0 {
+                        result.push_str(" + ");
+                    }
+                }
+                if degree == 0 || coefficient != 1 {
+                    if let Ok(alpha_power) = self.field.log(coefficient) {
+                        if alpha_power == 0 {
+                            result.push_str("1");
+                        } else if alpha_power == 1 {
+                            result.push_str("a");
+                        } else {
+                            result.push_str("a^");
+                            result.push_str(&format!("{}", alpha_power));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if degree != 0 {
+                    if degree == 1 {
+                        result.push_str("x");
+                    } else {
+                        result.push_str("x^");
+                        result.push_str(&format!("{}", degree));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        write!(f, "{}", result)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/reedsolomon/mod.rs b/src/common/reedsolomon/mod.rs
index 3dccd6d..0f71336 100644
--- a/src/common/reedsolomon/mod.rs
+++ b/src/common/reedsolomon/mod.rs
@@ -73,923 +73,14 @@ pub fn get_predefined_genericgf(request: PredefinedGenericGF) -> GenericGFRef {
     }
 }
 
-/**
- * <p>This class contains utility methods for performing mathematical operations over
- * the Galois Fields. Operations use a given primitive polynomial in calculations.</p>
- *
- * <p>Throughout this package, elements of the GF are represented as an {@code int}
- * for convenience and speed (but at the cost of memory).
- * </p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- * @author David Olivier
- */
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct GenericGF {
-    expTable: Vec<i32>,
-    logTable: Vec<i32>,
-    // zero: Box<GenericGFPoly>,
-    // one: Box<GenericGFPoly>,
-    size: usize,
-    primitive: i32,
-    generatorBase: i32,
-}
+mod generic_gf;
+pub use generic_gf::*;
 
-impl GenericGF {
-    /**
-     * Create a representation of GF(size) using the given primitive polynomial.
-     *
-     * @param primitive irreducible polynomial whose coefficients are represented by
-     *  the bits of an int, where the least-significant bit represents the constant
-     *  coefficient
-     * @param size the size of the field
-     * @param b the factor b in the generator polynomial can be 0- or 1-based
-     *  (g(x) = (x+a^b)(x+a^(b+1))...(x+a^(b+2t-1))).
-     *  In most cases it should be 1, but for QR code it is 0.
-     */
-    pub fn new(primitive: i32, size: usize, b: i32) -> Self {
-        let mut expTable = vec![0; size];
-        let mut logTable = vec![0; size];
-        let mut x = 1;
-        for i in 0..size {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            //expTable.push(x);
-            expTable[i] = x;
-            x *= 2; // we're assuming the generator alpha is 2
-            if x >= size as i32 {
-                x ^= primitive;
-                let sz_m_1: i32 = size as i32 - 1;
-                x &= sz_m_1;
-            }
-        }
-        for i in 0..size - 1 {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
-            let loc: usize = expTable[i] as usize;
-            logTable[loc] = i as i32;
-        }
-        logTable[0] = 0;
+mod generic_gf_poly;
+pub use generic_gf_poly::*;
 
-        //     let mut p:u32;
-        // //int i;
-        // /*Initialize the table of powers of a primtive root, alpha=0x02.*/
-        // p = 1;
-        // for i in 0..size {
-        // // for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-        //     expTable[i] = expTable[i + size - 1] = p;
-        // p = ((p << 1) ^ (-(p as i32 >> 7) & primitive) as u32) & 0xFF;
-        // }
-        // /*Invert the table to recover the logs.*/
-        // for i in 0..size-1 {
-        // // for (i = 0; i < 255; i++)
-        // logTable[expTable[i].try_into().unwrap()] = i;
-        // /*Note that we rely on the fact that _gf->log[0]=0 below.*/
-        Self {
-            expTable,
-            logTable,
-            size,
-            primitive,
-            generatorBase: b,
-        }
+mod reedsolomon_decoder;
+pub use reedsolomon_decoder::*;
 
-        // logTable[0] == 0 but this should never be used
-        // new_ggf.zero = Box::new(GenericGFPoly::new(Box::new(new_ggf), &vec![0]).unwrap());
-        // new_ggf.one = Box::new(GenericGFPoly::new(Box::new(new_ggf), &vec![1]).unwrap());
-
-        //new_ggf
-    }
-
-    // pub fn getZero(&self) -> Box<GenericGFPoly> {
-    //     return self.zero;
-    // }
-
-    // pub fn getOne(&self) -> Box<GenericGFPoly> {
-    //     return self.one;
-    // }
-
-    /**
-     * @return the monomial representing coefficient * x^degree
-     */
-    pub fn buildMonomial(source: GenericGFRef, degree: usize, coefficient: i32) -> GenericGFPoly {
-        if coefficient == 0 {
-            return GenericGFPoly::new(source, &vec![0]).unwrap();
-        }
-        let mut coefficients = vec![0; degree + 1];
-        coefficients[0] = coefficient;
-        return GenericGFPoly::new(source, &coefficients).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Implements both addition and subtraction -- they are the same in GF(size).
-     *
-     * @return sum/difference of a and b
-     */
-    pub fn addOrSubtract(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
-        return a ^ b;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return 2 to the power of a in GF(size)
-     */
-    pub fn exp(&self, a: i32) -> i32 {
-        // let pos: usize = a.try_into().unwrap();
-        return self.expTable[a as usize];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return base 2 log of a in GF(size)
-     */
-    pub fn log(&self, a: i32) -> Result<i32, Exceptions> {
-        if a == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException("".to_owned()));
-        }
-        // let pos: usize = a.try_into().unwrap();
-        return Ok(self.logTable[a as usize]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return multiplicative inverse of a
-     */
-    pub fn inverse(&self, a: i32) -> Result<i32, Exceptions> {
-        if a == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::ArithmeticException("".to_owned()));
-        }
-        let log_t_loc: usize = a as usize;
-        let loc: usize = ((self.size as i32) - self.logTable[log_t_loc] - 1) as usize;
-        return Ok(self.expTable[loc]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return product of a and b in GF(size)
-     */
-    pub fn multiply(&self, a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
-        if a == 0 || b == 0 {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        let a_loc: usize = a as usize; //.try_into().unwrap();
-        let b_loc: usize = b as usize; //.try_into().unwrap();
-        let comb_loc: usize = (self.logTable[a_loc] + self.logTable[b_loc]) as usize;
-        return self.expTable[comb_loc % (self.size - 1)];
-    }
-
-    pub fn getSize(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.size;
-    }
-
-    pub fn getGeneratorBase(&self) -> i32 {
-        return self.generatorBase;
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for GenericGF {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "GF({:#06x},{}", self.primitive, self.size)
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-//package com.google.zxing.common.reedsolomon;
-
-/**
- * <p>Represents a polynomial whose coefficients are elements of a GF.
- * Instances of this class are immutable.</p>
- *
- * <p>Much credit is due to William Rucklidge since portions of this code are an indirect
- * port of his C++ Reed-Solomon implementation.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- */
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct GenericGFPoly {
-    field: GenericGFRef,
-    coefficients: Vec<i32>,
-}
-
-impl GenericGFPoly {
-    /**
-     * @param field the {@link GenericGF} instance representing the field to use
-     * to perform computations
-     * @param coefficients coefficients as ints representing elements of GF(size), arranged
-     * from most significant (highest-power term) coefficient to least significant
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if argument is null or empty,
-     * or if leading coefficient is 0 and this is not a
-     * constant polynomial (that is, it is not the monomial "0")
-     */
-    pub fn new(field: GenericGFRef, coefficients: &Vec<i32>) -> Result<Self, Exceptions> {
-        if coefficients.len() == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "coefficients.len()".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        Ok(Self {
-            field: field,
-            coefficients: {
-                let coefficients_length = coefficients.len();
-                if coefficients_length > 1 && coefficients[0] == 0 {
-                    // Leading term must be non-zero for anything except the constant polynomial "0"
-                    let mut first_non_zero = 1;
-                    while first_non_zero < coefficients_length && coefficients[first_non_zero] == 0
-                    {
-                        first_non_zero += 1;
-                    }
-                    if first_non_zero == coefficients_length {
-                        vec![0]
-                    } else {
-                        let mut new_coefficients = vec![0; coefficients_length - first_non_zero];
-                        let l = new_coefficients.len() - 1;
-                        new_coefficients[0..=l].clone_from_slice(&coefficients[first_non_zero..]);
-                        // System.arraycopy(coefficients,
-                        //     firstNonZero,
-                        //     this.coefficients,
-                        //     0,
-                        //     this.coefficients.length);
-                        new_coefficients
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    coefficients.to_vec()
-                }
-            },
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn getCoefficients(&self) -> &Vec<i32> {
-        return &self.coefficients;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return degree of this polynomial
-     */
-    pub fn getDegree(&self) -> usize {
-        return self.coefficients.len() - 1;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return true iff this polynomial is the monomial "0"
-     */
-    pub fn isZero(&self) -> bool {
-        return self.coefficients[0] == 0;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return coefficient of x^degree term in this polynomial
-     */
-    pub fn getCoefficient(&self, degree: usize) -> i32 {
-        return self.coefficients[self.coefficients.len() - 1 - degree];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return evaluation of this polynomial at a given point
-     */
-    pub fn evaluateAt(&self, a: usize) -> i32 {
-        if a == 0 {
-            // Just return the x^0 coefficient
-            return self.getCoefficient(0);
-        }
-        if a == 1 {
-            // Just the sum of the coefficients
-            let mut result = 0;
-            for coefficient in &self.coefficients {
-                //for (int coefficient : coefficients) {
-                result = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(result, *coefficient);
-            }
-            return result;
-        }
-        let mut result = self.coefficients[0];
-        let size = self.coefficients.len();
-        for i in 1..size {
-            //for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
-            result = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(
-                self.field.multiply(a as i32, result as i32),
-                self.coefficients[i],
-            );
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    pub fn addOrSubtract(&self, other: &GenericGFPoly) -> Result<GenericGFPoly, Exceptions> {
-        if self.field != other.field {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "GenericGFPolys do not have same GenericGF field".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        if self.isZero() {
-            return Ok(other.clone());
-        }
-        if other.isZero() {
-            return Ok(self.clone());
-        }
-
-        let mut smallerCoefficients = self.coefficients.clone();
-        let mut largerCoefficients = other.coefficients.clone();
-        if smallerCoefficients.len() > largerCoefficients.len() {
-            let temp = smallerCoefficients;
-            smallerCoefficients = largerCoefficients;
-            largerCoefficients = temp;
-        }
-
-        let mut sumDiff = vec![0; largerCoefficients.len()];
-        let lengthDiff = largerCoefficients.len() - smallerCoefficients.len();
-        // Copy high-order terms only found in higher-degree polynomial's coefficients
-        sumDiff[0..lengthDiff].clone_from_slice(&largerCoefficients[0..lengthDiff]);
-        //System.arraycopy(largerCoefficients, 0, sumDiff, 0, lengthDiff);
-
-        for i in lengthDiff..largerCoefficients.len() {
-            //for (int i = lengthDiff; i < largerCoefficients.length; i++) {
-            sumDiff[i] = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(
-                smallerCoefficients[i - lengthDiff],
-                largerCoefficients[i],
-            );
-        }
-
-        return Ok(GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &sumDiff)?);
-    }
-
-    pub fn multiply(&self, other: &GenericGFPoly) -> Result<GenericGFPoly, Exceptions> {
-        if self.field != other.field {
-            //if (!field.equals(other.field)) {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "GenericGFPolys do not have same GenericGF field".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        if self.isZero() || other.isZero() {
-            return Ok(self.getZero());
-        }
-        let aCoefficients = self.coefficients.clone();
-        let aLength = aCoefficients.len();
-        let bCoefficients = other.coefficients.clone();
-        let bLength = bCoefficients.len();
-        let mut product = vec![0; aLength + bLength - 1];
-        for i in 0..aLength {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < aLength; i++) {
-            let aCoeff = aCoefficients[i];
-            for j in 0..bLength {
-                //for (int j = 0; j < bLength; j++) {
-                product[i + j] = GenericGF::addOrSubtract(
-                    product[i + j],
-                    self.field.multiply(aCoeff, bCoefficients[j]),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        return Ok(GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &product)?);
-    }
-
-    pub fn multiply_with_scalar(&self, scalar: i32) -> GenericGFPoly {
-        if scalar == 0 {
-            return self.getZero();
-        }
-        if scalar == 1 {
-            return self.clone();
-        }
-        let size = self.coefficients.len();
-
-        let mut product = vec![0; size];
-        for i in 0..size {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            product[i] = self.field.multiply(self.coefficients[i], scalar);
-        }
-        return GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &product).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    pub fn getZero(&self) -> Self {
-        GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &vec![0]).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    pub fn getOne(&self) -> Self {
-        GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &vec![1]).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    pub fn multiply_by_monomial(
-        &self,
-        degree: usize,
-        coefficient: i32,
-    ) -> Result<GenericGFPoly, Exceptions> {
-        if coefficient == 0 {
-            return Ok(self.getZero());
-        }
-        let size = self.coefficients.len();
-        let mut product = vec![0; size + degree];
-        for i in 0..size {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            product[i] = self.field.multiply(self.coefficients[i], coefficient);
-        }
-        return Ok(GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &product)?);
-    }
-
-    pub fn divide(
-        &self,
-        other: &GenericGFPoly,
-    ) -> Result<(GenericGFPoly, GenericGFPoly), Exceptions> {
-        if self.field != other.field {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "GenericGFPolys do not have same GenericGF field".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        if other.isZero() {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "Divide by 0".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        let mut quotient = self.getZero();
-        let mut remainder = self.clone();
-
-        let denominator_leading_term = other.getCoefficient(other.getDegree());
-        let inverse_denominator_leading_term = match self.field.inverse(denominator_leading_term) {
-            Ok(val) => val,
-            Err(_issue) => {
-                return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                    "arithmetic issue".to_owned(),
-                ))
-            }
-        };
-
-        while remainder.getDegree() >= other.getDegree() && !remainder.isZero() {
-            let degree_difference = remainder.getDegree() - other.getDegree();
-            let scale = self.field.multiply(
-                remainder.getCoefficient(remainder.getDegree()),
-                inverse_denominator_leading_term,
-            );
-            let term = other.multiply_by_monomial(degree_difference, scale)?;
-            let iteration_quotient = GenericGF::buildMonomial(self.field, degree_difference, scale);
-            quotient = quotient.addOrSubtract(&iteration_quotient)?;
-            remainder = remainder.addOrSubtract(&term)?;
-        }
-
-        return Ok((quotient, remainder));
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for GenericGFPoly {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.isZero() {
-            return write!(f, "0");
-        }
-        let mut result = String::with_capacity(8 * self.getDegree());
-        for degree in (0..=self.getDegree()).rev() {
-            //for (int degree = getDegree(); degree >= 0; degree--) {
-            let mut coefficient = self.getCoefficient(degree);
-            if coefficient != 0 {
-                if coefficient < 0 {
-                    if degree == self.getDegree() {
-                        result.push_str("-");
-                    } else {
-                        result.push_str(" - ");
-                    }
-                    coefficient = -coefficient;
-                } else {
-                    if result.len() > 0 {
-                        result.push_str(" + ");
-                    }
-                }
-                if degree == 0 || coefficient != 1 {
-                    if let Ok(alpha_power) = self.field.log(coefficient) {
-                        if alpha_power == 0 {
-                            result.push_str("1");
-                        } else if alpha_power == 1 {
-                            result.push_str("a");
-                        } else {
-                            result.push_str("a^");
-                            result.push_str(&format!("{}", alpha_power));
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if degree != 0 {
-                    if degree == 1 {
-                        result.push_str("x");
-                    } else {
-                        result.push_str("x^");
-                        result.push_str(&format!("{}", degree));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        write!(f, "{}", result)
-    }
-}
-/*
- * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-//package com.google.zxing.common.reedsolomon;
-
-/**
- * <p>Implements Reed-Solomon decoding, as the name implies.</p>
- *
- * <p>The algorithm will not be explained here, but the following references were helpful
- * in creating this implementation:</p>
- *
- * <ul>
- * <li>Bruce Maggs.
- * <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/pscico-guyb/realworld/www/rs_decode.ps">
- * "Decoding Reed-Solomon Codes"</a> (see discussion of Forney's Formula)</li>
- * <li>J.I. Hall. <a href="www.mth.msu.edu/~jhall/classes/codenotes/GRS.pdf">
- * "Chapter 5. Generalized Reed-Solomon Codes"</a>
- * (see discussion of Euclidean algorithm)</li>
- * </ul>
- *
- * <p>Much credit is due to William Rucklidge since portions of this code are an indirect
- * port of his C++ Reed-Solomon implementation.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- * @author William Rucklidge
- * @author sanfordsquires
- */
-pub struct ReedSolomonDecoder {
-    field: GenericGFRef,
-}
-
-impl ReedSolomonDecoder {
-    pub fn new(field: GenericGFRef) -> Self {
-        Self { field: field }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * <p>Decodes given set of received codewords, which include both data and error-correction
-     * codewords. Really, this means it uses Reed-Solomon to detect and correct errors, in-place,
-     * in the input.</p>
-     *
-     * @param received data and error-correction codewords
-     * @param twoS number of error-correction codewords available
-     * @throws ReedSolomonException if decoding fails for any reason
-     */
-    pub fn decode(&self, received: &mut Vec<i32>, twoS: i32) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        let poly = GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, received).unwrap();
-        let mut syndromeCoefficients = vec![0; twoS as usize];
-        let mut noError = true;
-        for i in 0..twoS {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < twoS; i++) {
-            let eval = poly.evaluateAt(self.field.exp(i + self.field.getGeneratorBase()) as usize);
-            let len = syndromeCoefficients.len();
-            syndromeCoefficients[len - 1 - i as usize] = eval;
-            if eval != 0 {
-                noError = false;
-            }
-        }
-        if noError {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let syndrome = match GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &syndromeCoefficients) {
-            Ok(res) => res,
-            Err(_fail) => {
-                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                    "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
-                ))
-            }
-        };
-        let sigmaOmega = self.runEuclideanAlgorithm(
-            &GenericGF::buildMonomial(self.field, twoS as usize, 1),
-            &syndrome,
-            twoS as usize,
-        )?;
-        let sigma = &sigmaOmega[0];
-        let omega = &sigmaOmega[1];
-        let errorLocations = self.findErrorLocations(&sigma)?;
-        let errorMagnitudes = self.findErrorMagnitudes(&omega, &errorLocations);
-        for i in 0..errorLocations.len() {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < errorLocations.length; i++) {
-            let log_value = self.field.log(errorLocations[i] as i32)?;
-            if log_value > received.len() as i32 - 1 {
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-            let position: isize = received.len() as isize - 1 - log_value as isize;
-            if position < 0 {
-                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                    "Bad error location".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-            received[position as usize] =
-                GenericGF::addOrSubtract(received[position as usize], errorMagnitudes[i]);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn runEuclideanAlgorithm(
-        &self,
-        a: &GenericGFPoly,
-        b: &GenericGFPoly,
-        R: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<GenericGFPoly>, Exceptions> {
-        // Assume a's degree is >= b's
-        let mut a = a.clone();
-        let mut b = b.clone();
-        if a.getDegree() < b.getDegree() {
-            let temp = a;
-            a = b;
-            b = temp;
-        }
-
-        let mut rLast = a;
-        let mut r = b;
-        // let tLast = self.field.getZero();
-        // let t = self.field.getOne();
-        let mut tLast = rLast.getZero();
-        let mut t = rLast.getOne();
-
-        // Run Euclidean algorithm until r's degree is less than R/2
-        while 2 * r.getDegree() >= R {
-            let rLastLast = rLast;
-            let tLastLast = tLast;
-            rLast = r;
-            tLast = t;
-
-            // Divide rLastLast by rLast, with quotient in q and remainder in r
-            if rLast.isZero() {
-                // Oops, Euclidean algorithm already terminated?
-                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                    "r_{i-1} was zero".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-            r = rLastLast;
-            let mut q = r.getZero();
-            let denominatorLeadingTerm = rLast.getCoefficient(rLast.getDegree());
-            let dltInverse = match self.field.inverse(denominatorLeadingTerm) {
-                Ok(inv) => inv,
-                Err(_err) => {
-                    return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                        "ArithmetricException".to_owned(),
-                    ))
-                }
-            };
-            while r.getDegree() >= rLast.getDegree() && !r.isZero() {
-                let degreeDiff = r.getDegree() - rLast.getDegree();
-                let scale = self
-                    .field
-                    .multiply(r.getCoefficient(r.getDegree()), dltInverse);
-                q = match q.addOrSubtract(&GenericGF::buildMonomial(self.field, degreeDiff, scale))
-                {
-                    Ok(res) => res,
-                    Err(_err) => {
-                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                            "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
-                        ))
-                    }
-                };
-                r = match r.addOrSubtract(&match rLast.multiply_by_monomial(degreeDiff, scale) {
-                    Ok(res) => res,
-                    Err(_err) => {
-                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                            "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
-                        ))
-                    }
-                }) {
-                    Ok(res) => res,
-                    Err(_err) => {
-                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                            "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
-                        ))
-                    }
-                };
-            }
-
-            t = match (match q.multiply(&tLast) {
-                Ok(res) => res,
-                Err(_err) => {
-                    return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                        "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
-                    ))
-                }
-            })
-            .addOrSubtract(&tLastLast)
-            {
-                Ok(res) => res,
-                Err(_err) => {
-                    return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                        "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
-                    ))
-                }
-            };
-
-            if r.getDegree() >= rLast.getDegree() {
-                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(format!(
-                    "Division algorithm failed to reduce polynomial? r: {}, rLast: {}",
-                    r, rLast
-                )));
-            }
-        }
-
-        let sigmaTildeAtZero = t.getCoefficient(0);
-        if sigmaTildeAtZero == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                "sigmaTilde(0) was zero".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        let inverse = match self.field.inverse(sigmaTildeAtZero) {
-            Ok(res) => res,
-            Err(_err) => {
-                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                    "ArithmetricException".to_owned(),
-                ))
-            }
-        };
-        let sigma = t.multiply_with_scalar(inverse);
-        let omega = r.multiply_with_scalar(inverse);
-        return Ok(vec![sigma, omega]);
-    }
-
-    fn findErrorLocations(&self, errorLocator: &GenericGFPoly) -> Result<Vec<usize>, Exceptions> {
-        // This is a direct application of Chien's search
-        let numErrors = errorLocator.getDegree();
-        if numErrors == 1 {
-            // shortcut
-            return Ok(vec![errorLocator.getCoefficient(1) as usize]);
-        }
-
-        let mut result: Vec<usize> = vec![0; numErrors];
-        let mut e = 0;
-        for i in 1..self.field.getSize() {
-            //for (int i = 1; i < field.getSize() && e < numErrors; i++) {
-            if e >= numErrors {
-                break;
-            }
-            if errorLocator.evaluateAt(i) == 0 {
-                result[e] = match self.field.inverse(i as i32) {
-                    Ok(res) => res as usize,
-                    Err(_err) => {
-                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                            "ArithmetricException".to_owned(),
-                        ))
-                    }
-                };
-                e += 1;
-            }
-        }
-        if e != numErrors {
-            return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
-                "Error locator degree does not match number of roots".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        return Ok(result);
-    }
-
-    fn findErrorMagnitudes(
-        &self,
-        errorEvaluator: &GenericGFPoly,
-        errorLocations: &Vec<usize>,
-    ) -> Vec<i32> {
-        // This is directly applying Forney's Formula
-        let s = errorLocations.len();
-        let mut result = vec![0; s];
-        for i in 0..s {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < s; i++) {
-            let xiInverse = self.field.inverse(errorLocations[i] as i32).unwrap();
-            let mut denominator = 1;
-            for j in 0..s {
-                //for (int j = 0; j < s; j++) {
-                if i != j {
-                    //denominator = field.multiply(denominator,
-                    //    GenericGF.addOrSubtract(1, field.multiply(errorLocations[j], xiInverse)));
-                    // Above should work but fails on some Apple and Linux JDKs due to a Hotspot bug.
-                    // Below is a funny-looking workaround from Steven Parkes
-                    let term = self.field.multiply(errorLocations[j] as i32, xiInverse);
-                    let termPlus1 = if (term & 0x1) == 0 {
-                        term | 1
-                    } else {
-                        term & !1
-                    };
-                    denominator = self.field.multiply(denominator, termPlus1);
-                }
-            }
-            result[i] = self.field.multiply(
-                errorEvaluator.evaluateAt(xiInverse as usize),
-                self.field.inverse(denominator).unwrap(),
-            );
-            if self.field.getGeneratorBase() != 0 {
-                result[i] = self.field.multiply(result[i], xiInverse);
-            }
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Copyright 2008 ZXing authors
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-//package com.google.zxing.common.reedsolomon;
-
-//import java.util.ArrayList;
-//import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * <p>Implements Reed-Solomon encoding, as the name implies.</p>
- *
- * @author Sean Owen
- * @author William Rucklidge
- */
-pub struct ReedSolomonEncoder {
-    field: GenericGFRef,
-    cachedGenerators: Vec<GenericGFPoly>,
-}
-
-impl ReedSolomonEncoder {
-    pub fn new(field: GenericGFRef) -> Self {
-        let n = field;
-        Self {
-            cachedGenerators: vec![GenericGFPoly::new(n, &vec![1]).unwrap()],
-            field: n,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn buildGenerator(&mut self, degree: usize) -> &GenericGFPoly {
-        if degree >= self.cachedGenerators.len() {
-            let mut lastGenerator = self
-                .cachedGenerators
-                .get(self.cachedGenerators.len() - 1)
-                .unwrap();
-            let cg_len = self.cachedGenerators.len();
-            let mut nextGenerator;
-            for d in cg_len..=degree {
-                //for (int d = cachedGenerators.size(); d <= degree; d++) {
-                nextGenerator = lastGenerator
-                    .multiply(
-                        &GenericGFPoly::new(
-                            self.field,
-                            &vec![
-                                1,
-                                self.field.exp(d as i32 - 1 + self.field.getGeneratorBase()),
-                            ],
-                        )
-                        .unwrap(),
-                    )
-                    .unwrap();
-                self.cachedGenerators.push(nextGenerator);
-                lastGenerator = self.cachedGenerators.get(d).unwrap();
-                //lastGenerator = &nextGenerator;
-            }
-        }
-        let rv = self.cachedGenerators.get(degree).unwrap();
-        return rv;
-    }
-
-    pub fn encode(&mut self, to_encode: &mut Vec<i32>, ec_bytes: usize) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
-        if ec_bytes == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "No error correction bytes".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        let data_bytes = to_encode.len() - ec_bytes;
-        if data_bytes == 0 {
-            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
-                "No data bytes provided".to_owned(),
-            ));
-        }
-        let fld = self.field;
-        let generator = self.buildGenerator(ec_bytes);
-        let mut info_coefficients: Vec<i32> = vec![0; data_bytes];
-        info_coefficients[0..data_bytes].clone_from_slice(&to_encode[0..data_bytes]);
-        //System.arraycopy(toEncode, 0, infoCoefficients, 0, dataBytes);
-        let mut info = GenericGFPoly::new(fld, &info_coefficients)?;
-        info = info.multiply_by_monomial(ec_bytes, 1)?;
-        let remainder = &info.divide(&generator)?.1;
-        let coefficients = remainder.getCoefficients();
-        let num_zero_coefficients = ec_bytes - coefficients.len();
-        for i in 0..num_zero_coefficients {
-            //for (int i = 0; i < numZeroCoefficients; i++) {
-            to_encode[data_bytes + i] = 0;
-        }
-        to_encode[data_bytes + num_zero_coefficients
-            ..(coefficients.len() + data_bytes + num_zero_coefficients)]
-            .clone_from_slice(&coefficients[0..coefficients.len()]);
-        //System.arraycopy(coefficients, 0, toEncode, dataBytes + numZeroCoefficients, coefficients.length);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
+mod reedsolomon_encoder;
+pub use reedsolomon_encoder::*;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/reedsolomon/reedsolomon_decoder.rs b/src/common/reedsolomon/reedsolomon_decoder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a38bdc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/reedsolomon/reedsolomon_decoder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common.reedsolomon;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{GenericGFRef, GenericGFPoly, GenericGF};
+
+/**
+ * <p>Implements Reed-Solomon decoding, as the name implies.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>The algorithm will not be explained here, but the following references were helpful
+ * in creating this implementation:</p>
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>Bruce Maggs.
+ * <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/pscico-guyb/realworld/www/rs_decode.ps">
+ * "Decoding Reed-Solomon Codes"</a> (see discussion of Forney's Formula)</li>
+ * <li>J.I. Hall. <a href="www.mth.msu.edu/~jhall/classes/codenotes/GRS.pdf">
+ * "Chapter 5. Generalized Reed-Solomon Codes"</a>
+ * (see discussion of Euclidean algorithm)</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>Much credit is due to William Rucklidge since portions of this code are an indirect
+ * port of his C++ Reed-Solomon implementation.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ * @author William Rucklidge
+ * @author sanfordsquires
+ */
+pub struct ReedSolomonDecoder {
+    field: GenericGFRef,
+}
+
+impl ReedSolomonDecoder {
+    pub fn new(field: GenericGFRef) -> Self {
+        Self { field: field }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Decodes given set of received codewords, which include both data and error-correction
+     * codewords. Really, this means it uses Reed-Solomon to detect and correct errors, in-place,
+     * in the input.</p>
+     *
+     * @param received data and error-correction codewords
+     * @param twoS number of error-correction codewords available
+     * @throws ReedSolomonException if decoding fails for any reason
+     */
+    pub fn decode(&self, received: &mut Vec<i32>, twoS: i32) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        let poly = GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, received).unwrap();
+        let mut syndromeCoefficients = vec![0; twoS as usize];
+        let mut noError = true;
+        for i in 0..twoS {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < twoS; i++) {
+            let eval = poly.evaluateAt(self.field.exp(i + self.field.getGeneratorBase()) as usize);
+            let len = syndromeCoefficients.len();
+            syndromeCoefficients[len - 1 - i as usize] = eval;
+            if eval != 0 {
+                noError = false;
+            }
+        }
+        if noError {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let syndrome = match GenericGFPoly::new(self.field, &syndromeCoefficients) {
+            Ok(res) => res,
+            Err(_fail) => {
+                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                    "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
+                ))
+            }
+        };
+        let sigmaOmega = self.runEuclideanAlgorithm(
+            &GenericGF::buildMonomial(self.field, twoS as usize, 1),
+            &syndrome,
+            twoS as usize,
+        )?;
+        let sigma = &sigmaOmega[0];
+        let omega = &sigmaOmega[1];
+        let errorLocations = self.findErrorLocations(&sigma)?;
+        let errorMagnitudes = self.findErrorMagnitudes(&omega, &errorLocations);
+        for i in 0..errorLocations.len() {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < errorLocations.length; i++) {
+            let log_value = self.field.log(errorLocations[i] as i32)?;
+            if log_value > received.len() as i32 - 1 {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            let position: isize = received.len() as isize - 1 - log_value as isize;
+            if position < 0 {
+                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                    "Bad error location".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            received[position as usize] =
+                GenericGF::addOrSubtract(received[position as usize], errorMagnitudes[i]);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn runEuclideanAlgorithm(
+        &self,
+        a: &GenericGFPoly,
+        b: &GenericGFPoly,
+        R: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<GenericGFPoly>, Exceptions> {
+        // Assume a's degree is >= b's
+        let mut a = a.clone();
+        let mut b = b.clone();
+        if a.getDegree() < b.getDegree() {
+            let temp = a;
+            a = b;
+            b = temp;
+        }
+
+        let mut rLast = a;
+        let mut r = b;
+        // let tLast = self.field.getZero();
+        // let t = self.field.getOne();
+        let mut tLast = rLast.getZero();
+        let mut t = rLast.getOne();
+
+        // Run Euclidean algorithm until r's degree is less than R/2
+        while 2 * r.getDegree() >= R {
+            let rLastLast = rLast;
+            let tLastLast = tLast;
+            rLast = r;
+            tLast = t;
+
+            // Divide rLastLast by rLast, with quotient in q and remainder in r
+            if rLast.isZero() {
+                // Oops, Euclidean algorithm already terminated?
+                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                    "r_{i-1} was zero".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            r = rLastLast;
+            let mut q = r.getZero();
+            let denominatorLeadingTerm = rLast.getCoefficient(rLast.getDegree());
+            let dltInverse = match self.field.inverse(denominatorLeadingTerm) {
+                Ok(inv) => inv,
+                Err(_err) => {
+                    return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                        "ArithmetricException".to_owned(),
+                    ))
+                }
+            };
+            while r.getDegree() >= rLast.getDegree() && !r.isZero() {
+                let degreeDiff = r.getDegree() - rLast.getDegree();
+                let scale = self
+                    .field
+                    .multiply(r.getCoefficient(r.getDegree()), dltInverse);
+                q = match q.addOrSubtract(&GenericGF::buildMonomial(self.field, degreeDiff, scale))
+                {
+                    Ok(res) => res,
+                    Err(_err) => {
+                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                            "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                };
+                r = match r.addOrSubtract(&match rLast.multiply_by_monomial(degreeDiff, scale) {
+                    Ok(res) => res,
+                    Err(_err) => {
+                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                            "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                }) {
+                    Ok(res) => res,
+                    Err(_err) => {
+                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                            "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+
+            t = match (match q.multiply(&tLast) {
+                Ok(res) => res,
+                Err(_err) => {
+                    return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                        "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
+                    ))
+                }
+            })
+            .addOrSubtract(&tLastLast)
+            {
+                Ok(res) => res,
+                Err(_err) => {
+                    return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                        "IllegalArgumentException".to_owned(),
+                    ))
+                }
+            };
+
+            if r.getDegree() >= rLast.getDegree() {
+                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(format!(
+                    "Division algorithm failed to reduce polynomial? r: {}, rLast: {}",
+                    r, rLast
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let sigmaTildeAtZero = t.getCoefficient(0);
+        if sigmaTildeAtZero == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                "sigmaTilde(0) was zero".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let inverse = match self.field.inverse(sigmaTildeAtZero) {
+            Ok(res) => res,
+            Err(_err) => {
+                return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                    "ArithmetricException".to_owned(),
+                ))
+            }
+        };
+        let sigma = t.multiply_with_scalar(inverse);
+        let omega = r.multiply_with_scalar(inverse);
+        return Ok(vec![sigma, omega]);
+    }
+
+    fn findErrorLocations(&self, errorLocator: &GenericGFPoly) -> Result<Vec<usize>, Exceptions> {
+        // This is a direct application of Chien's search
+        let numErrors = errorLocator.getDegree();
+        if numErrors == 1 {
+            // shortcut
+            return Ok(vec![errorLocator.getCoefficient(1) as usize]);
+        }
+
+        let mut result: Vec<usize> = vec![0; numErrors];
+        let mut e = 0;
+        for i in 1..self.field.getSize() {
+            //for (int i = 1; i < field.getSize() && e < numErrors; i++) {
+            if e >= numErrors {
+                break;
+            }
+            if errorLocator.evaluateAt(i) == 0 {
+                result[e] = match self.field.inverse(i as i32) {
+                    Ok(res) => res as usize,
+                    Err(_err) => {
+                        return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                            "ArithmetricException".to_owned(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                };
+                e += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if e != numErrors {
+            return Err(Exceptions::ReedSolomonException(
+                "Error locator degree does not match number of roots".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        return Ok(result);
+    }
+
+    fn findErrorMagnitudes(
+        &self,
+        errorEvaluator: &GenericGFPoly,
+        errorLocations: &Vec<usize>,
+    ) -> Vec<i32> {
+        // This is directly applying Forney's Formula
+        let s = errorLocations.len();
+        let mut result = vec![0; s];
+        for i in 0..s {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < s; i++) {
+            let xiInverse = self.field.inverse(errorLocations[i] as i32).unwrap();
+            let mut denominator = 1;
+            for j in 0..s {
+                //for (int j = 0; j < s; j++) {
+                if i != j {
+                    //denominator = field.multiply(denominator,
+                    //    GenericGF.addOrSubtract(1, field.multiply(errorLocations[j], xiInverse)));
+                    // Above should work but fails on some Apple and Linux JDKs due to a Hotspot bug.
+                    // Below is a funny-looking workaround from Steven Parkes
+                    let term = self.field.multiply(errorLocations[j] as i32, xiInverse);
+                    let termPlus1 = if (term & 0x1) == 0 {
+                        term | 1
+                    } else {
+                        term & !1
+                    };
+                    denominator = self.field.multiply(denominator, termPlus1);
+                }
+            }
+            result[i] = self.field.multiply(
+                errorEvaluator.evaluateAt(xiInverse as usize),
+                self.field.inverse(denominator).unwrap(),
+            );
+            if self.field.getGeneratorBase() != 0 {
+                result[i] = self.field.multiply(result[i], xiInverse);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/common/reedsolomon/reedsolomon_encoder.rs b/src/common/reedsolomon/reedsolomon_encoder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b7c5c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/reedsolomon/reedsolomon_encoder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//package com.google.zxing.common.reedsolomon;
+
+//import java.util.ArrayList;
+//import java.util.List;
+
+use crate::Exceptions;
+
+use super::{GenericGFPoly, GenericGFRef};
+
+/**
+ * <p>Implements Reed-Solomon encoding, as the name implies.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ * @author William Rucklidge
+ */
+pub struct ReedSolomonEncoder {
+    field: GenericGFRef,
+    cachedGenerators: Vec<GenericGFPoly>,
+}
+
+impl ReedSolomonEncoder {
+    pub fn new(field: GenericGFRef) -> Self {
+        let n = field;
+        Self {
+            cachedGenerators: vec![GenericGFPoly::new(n, &vec![1]).unwrap()],
+            field: n,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn buildGenerator(&mut self, degree: usize) -> &GenericGFPoly {
+        if degree >= self.cachedGenerators.len() {
+            let mut lastGenerator = self
+                .cachedGenerators
+                .get(self.cachedGenerators.len() - 1)
+                .unwrap();
+            let cg_len = self.cachedGenerators.len();
+            let mut nextGenerator;
+            for d in cg_len..=degree {
+                //for (int d = cachedGenerators.size(); d <= degree; d++) {
+                nextGenerator = lastGenerator
+                    .multiply(
+                        &GenericGFPoly::new(
+                            self.field,
+                            &vec![
+                                1,
+                                self.field.exp(d as i32 - 1 + self.field.getGeneratorBase()),
+                            ],
+                        )
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                self.cachedGenerators.push(nextGenerator);
+                lastGenerator = self.cachedGenerators.get(d).unwrap();
+                //lastGenerator = &nextGenerator;
+            }
+        }
+        let rv = self.cachedGenerators.get(degree).unwrap();
+        return rv;
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode(&mut self, to_encode: &mut Vec<i32>, ec_bytes: usize) -> Result<(), Exceptions> {
+        if ec_bytes == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "No error correction bytes".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let data_bytes = to_encode.len() - ec_bytes;
+        if data_bytes == 0 {
+            return Err(Exceptions::IllegalArgumentException(
+                "No data bytes provided".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let fld = self.field;
+        let generator = self.buildGenerator(ec_bytes);
+        let mut info_coefficients: Vec<i32> = vec![0; data_bytes];
+        info_coefficients[0..data_bytes].clone_from_slice(&to_encode[0..data_bytes]);
+        //System.arraycopy(toEncode, 0, infoCoefficients, 0, dataBytes);
+        let mut info = GenericGFPoly::new(fld, &info_coefficients)?;
+        info = info.multiply_by_monomial(ec_bytes, 1)?;
+        let remainder = &info.divide(&generator)?.1;
+        let coefficients = remainder.getCoefficients();
+        let num_zero_coefficients = ec_bytes - coefficients.len();
+        for i in 0..num_zero_coefficients {
+            //for (int i = 0; i < numZeroCoefficients; i++) {
+            to_encode[data_bytes + i] = 0;
+        }
+        to_encode[data_bytes + num_zero_coefficients
+            ..(coefficients.len() + data_bytes + num_zero_coefficients)]
+            .clone_from_slice(&coefficients[0..coefficients.len()]);
+        //System.arraycopy(coefficients, 0, toEncode, dataBytes + numZeroCoefficients, coefficients.length);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/common/string_utils.rs b/src/common/string_utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9017de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/string_utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// package com.google.zxing.common;
+
+// import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+// import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+// import java.util.Map;
+
+use encoding::{EncodingRef, Encoding};
+
+use crate::{DecodingHintDictionary, DecodeHintType, DecodeHintValue};
+
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+
+/**
+ * Common string-related functions.
+ *
+ * @author Sean Owen
+ * @author Alex Dupre
+ */
+pub struct StringUtils {
+    //   private static final Charset PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING = Charset.defaultCharset();
+    //   public static final Charset SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET = Charset.forName("SJIS");
+    //   public static final Charset GB2312_CHARSET = Charset.forName("GB2312");
+    //   private static final Charset EUC_JP = Charset.forName("EUC_JP");
+    //   private static final boolean ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS =
+    //       SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING) ||
+    //       EUC_JP.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING);
+
+    //   // Retained for ABI compatibility with earlier versions
+    //   public static final String SHIFT_JIS = "SJIS";
+    //   public static final String GB2312 = "GB2312";
+}
+
+// const PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING: &dyn Encoding = encoding::all::UTF_8;
+// const SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET: &dyn Encoding =
+//     encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
+// const GB2312_CHARSET: &dyn Encoding =
+//     encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("GB2312").unwrap();
+// const EUC_JP: &dyn Encoding = encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("EUC_JP").unwrap();
+const ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS: bool = false;
+static SHIFT_JIS: &'static str = "SJIS";
+static GB2312: &'static str = "GB2312";
+lazy_static! {
+    pub static ref SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET: EncodingRef =
+        encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
+}
+
+//    private static final boolean ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS =
+//        SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING) ||
+//        EUC_JP.equals(PLATFORM_DEFAULT_ENCODING);
+
+impl StringUtils {
+    /**
+     * @param bytes bytes encoding a string, whose encoding should be guessed
+     * @param hints decode hints if applicable
+     * @return name of guessed encoding; at the moment will only guess one of:
+     *  "SJIS", "UTF8", "ISO8859_1", or the platform default encoding if none
+     *  of these can possibly be correct
+     */
+    pub fn guessEncoding(bytes: &[u8], hints: &DecodingHintDictionary) -> String {
+        let c = StringUtils::guessCharset(bytes, hints);
+        if c.name()
+            == encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS")
+                .unwrap()
+                .name()
+        {
+            return "SJIS".to_owned();
+        } else if c.name() == encoding::all::UTF_8.name() {
+            return "UTF8".to_owned();
+        } else if c.name() == encoding::all::ISO_8859_1.name() {
+            return "ISO8859_1".to_owned();
+        }
+        return c.name().to_owned();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param bytes bytes encoding a string, whose encoding should be guessed
+     * @param hints decode hints if applicable
+     * @return Charset of guessed encoding; at the moment will only guess one of:
+     *  {@link #SHIFT_JIS_CHARSET}, {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_8},
+     *  {@link StandardCharsets#ISO_8859_1}, {@link StandardCharsets#UTF_16},
+     *  or the platform default encoding if
+     *  none of these can possibly be correct
+     */
+    pub fn guessCharset(bytes: &[u8], hints: &DecodingHintDictionary) -> EncodingRef {
+        match hints.get(&DecodeHintType::CHARACTER_SET) {
+            Some(hint) => {
+                if let DecodeHintValue::CharacterSet(cs_name) = hint {
+                    return encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label(cs_name).unwrap();
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        };
+        // if hints.contains_key(&DecodeHintType::CHARACTER_SET) {
+        //   return Charset.forName(hints.get(DecodeHintType.CHARACTER_SET).toString());
+        // }
+
+        // First try UTF-16, assuming anything with its BOM is UTF-16
+        if bytes.len() > 2
+            && ((bytes[0] == 0xFE && bytes[1] == 0xFF) || (bytes[0] == 0xFF && bytes[1] == 0xFE))
+        {
+            if bytes[0] == 0xFE && bytes[1] == 0xFF {
+                return encoding::all::UTF_16BE;
+            } else {
+                return encoding::all::UTF_16LE;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // For now, merely tries to distinguish ISO-8859-1, UTF-8 and Shift_JIS,
+        // which should be by far the most common encodings.
+        let length = bytes.len();
+        let mut can_be_iso88591 = true;
+        let mut can_be_shift_jis = true;
+        let mut can_be_utf8 = true;
+        let mut utf8_bytes_left = 0;
+        let mut utf2_bytes_chars = 0;
+        let mut utf3_bytes_chars = 0;
+        let mut utf4_bytes_chars = 0;
+        let mut sjis_bytes_left = 0;
+        let mut sjis_katakana_chars = 0;
+        let mut sjis_cur_katakana_word_length = 0;
+        let mut sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
+        let mut sjis_max_katakana_word_length = 0;
+        let mut sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
+        let mut iso_high_other = 0;
+
+        let utf8bom = bytes.len() > 3 && bytes[0] == 0xEF && bytes[1] == 0xBB && bytes[2] == 0xBF;
+
+        for i in 0..length {
+            // for (int i = 0;
+            //      i < length && (canBeISO88591 || canBeShiftJIS || canBeUTF8);
+            //      i++) {
+            if !(can_be_iso88591 || can_be_shift_jis || can_be_utf8) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let value = bytes[i];
+
+            // UTF-8 stuff
+            if can_be_utf8 {
+                if utf8_bytes_left > 0 {
+                    if (value & 0x80) == 0 {
+                        can_be_utf8 = false;
+                    } else {
+                        utf8_bytes_left -= 1;
+                    }
+                } else if (value & 0x80) != 0 {
+                    if (value & 0x40) == 0 {
+                        can_be_utf8 = false;
+                    } else {
+                        utf8_bytes_left += 1;
+                        if (value & 0x20) == 0 {
+                            utf2_bytes_chars += 1;
+                        } else {
+                            utf8_bytes_left += 1;
+                            if (value & 0x10) == 0 {
+                                utf3_bytes_chars += 1;
+                            } else {
+                                utf8_bytes_left += 1;
+                                if (value & 0x08) == 0 {
+                                    utf4_bytes_chars += 1;
+                                } else {
+                                    can_be_utf8 = false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ISO-8859-1 stuff
+            if can_be_iso88591 {
+                if value > 0x7F && value < 0xA0 {
+                    can_be_iso88591 = false;
+                } else if value > 0x9F && (value < 0xC0 || value == 0xD7 || value == 0xF7) {
+                    iso_high_other += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Shift_JIS stuff
+            if can_be_shift_jis {
+                if sjis_bytes_left > 0 {
+                    if value < 0x40 || value == 0x7F || value > 0xFC {
+                        can_be_shift_jis = false;
+                    } else {
+                        sjis_bytes_left -= 1;
+                    }
+                } else if value == 0x80 || value == 0xA0 || value > 0xEF {
+                    can_be_shift_jis = false;
+                } else if value > 0xA0 && value < 0xE0 {
+                    sjis_katakana_chars += 1;
+                    sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
+                    sjis_cur_katakana_word_length += 1;
+                    if sjis_cur_katakana_word_length > sjis_max_katakana_word_length {
+                        sjis_max_katakana_word_length = sjis_cur_katakana_word_length;
+                    }
+                } else if value > 0x7F {
+                    sjis_bytes_left += 1;
+                    //sjisDoubleBytesChars++;
+                    sjis_cur_katakana_word_length = 0;
+                    sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length += 1;
+                    if sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length > sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length {
+                        sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length = sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    //sjisLowChars++;
+                    sjis_cur_katakana_word_length = 0;
+                    sjis_cur_double_bytes_word_length = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if can_be_utf8 && utf8_bytes_left > 0 {
+            can_be_utf8 = false;
+        }
+        if can_be_shift_jis && sjis_bytes_left > 0 {
+            can_be_shift_jis = false;
+        }
+
+        // Easy -- if there is BOM or at least 1 valid not-single byte character (and no evidence it can't be UTF-8), done
+        if can_be_utf8 && (utf8bom || utf2_bytes_chars + utf3_bytes_chars + utf4_bytes_chars > 0) {
+            return encoding::all::UTF_8;
+        }
+        // Easy -- if assuming Shift_JIS or >= 3 valid consecutive not-ascii characters (and no evidence it can't be), done
+        if can_be_shift_jis
+            && (ASSUME_SHIFT_JIS
+                || sjis_max_katakana_word_length >= 3
+                || sjis_max_double_bytes_word_length >= 3)
+        {
+            return encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
+        }
+        // Distinguishing Shift_JIS and ISO-8859-1 can be a little tough for short words. The crude heuristic is:
+        // - If we saw
+        //   - only two consecutive katakana chars in the whole text, or
+        //   - at least 10% of bytes that could be "upper" not-alphanumeric Latin1,
+        // - then we conclude Shift_JIS, else ISO-8859-1
+        if can_be_iso88591 && can_be_shift_jis {
+            return if (sjis_max_katakana_word_length == 2 && sjis_katakana_chars == 2)
+                || iso_high_other * 10 >= length
+            {
+                encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap()
+            } else {
+                encoding::all::ISO_8859_1
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, try in order ISO-8859-1, Shift JIS, UTF-8 and fall back to default platform encoding
+        if can_be_iso88591 {
+            return encoding::all::ISO_8859_1;
+        }
+        if can_be_shift_jis {
+            return encoding::label::encoding_from_whatwg_label("SJIS").unwrap();
+        }
+        if can_be_utf8 {
+            return encoding::all::UTF_8;
+        }
+        // Otherwise, we take a wild guess with platform encoding
+        return encoding::all::UTF_8;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file